Refined Mass and Geometric Measurements of the High-Mass PSR J0740+6620

Abstract

We report results from continued timing observations of PSR J0740+6620, a high-mass, 2.8-ms radio pulsar in orbit with a likely ultra-cool white dwarf companion. Our data set consists of combined pulse arrival-time measurements made with the 100-m Green Bank Telescope and the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment telescope. We explore the significance of timing-based phenomena arising from general-relativistic dynamics and variations in pulse dispersion. When using various statistical methods, we find that combining $\sim 1.5$ years of additional, high-cadence timing data with previous measurements confirms and improves upon previous estimates of relativistic effects within the PSR J0740+6620 system, with the pulsar mass $m_{\mathrm{p}}=2.08_{-0.07}^{+0.07}$ M${}_{\odot }$ (68.3\% credibility) determined by the relativistic Shapiro time delay. For the first time, we measure secular variation in the orbital period and argue that this effect arises from apparent acceleration due to significant transverse motion. After incorporating contributions from Galactic differential rotation and off-plane acceleration in the Galactic potential, we obtain a model-dependent distance of $d=1.14_{-0.15}^{+0.17}$ kpc (68.3\% credibility). This improved distance confirms the ultra-cool nature of the white dwarf companion determined from recent optical observations. We discuss the prospects for future observations with next-generation facilities, which will likely improve the precision on $m_{\mathrm{p}}$ for J0740+6620 by an order of magnitude within the next few years.

Final version after minor corrections during referee process. Published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters on 1 July 2021

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• Analyzing the dense matter equation of states in the light of the compact object HESS J1731-347
• Slowly Rotating Neutron Star with Holographic Multiquark Core: I-Love-Q Relations
• Exploring the Phase Diagram of V-QCD with Neutron Star Merger Simulations
• Massive neutron stars as mass gap candidates: Exploring equation of state and magnetic field
• Thermal effects on sound velocity peak and conformality in isospin QCD
• The Radius of PSR J0437-4715 from NICER Data
• On the maximum compactness of neutron stars
• Exploring pathways to forming twin stars
• Extremely small stars in scalar-tensor gravity: when stellar radius is less than Schwarzschild one
• Strong Gravity Extruding Peaks in Speed of Sound Profiles of Massive Neutron Stars
• Nuclear-Physics Multi-Messenger Astrophysics Constraints on the Neutron-Star Equation of State: Adding NICER's PSR J0740+6620 Measurement
• Neutron star mass formula with nuclear saturation parameters
• Strange stars with a mirror-dark-matter core confronting with the observations of compact stars
• Mass and tidal parameter extraction from gravitational waves of binary neutron stars mergers using deep learning
• Impact of dark boson mediated feeble interaction between dark matter and hadronic matter on $f$-mode oscillation of neutron stars
• Thermal x-ray studies of neutron stars and the equation of state
• Hadron-quark phase transition in neutron star by combining the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory and Dyson-Schwinger equation approach
• Probing the size and binding energy of the hypertriton in heavy ion collisions
• Nonparametric extensions of nuclear equations of state: probing the breakdown scale of relativistic mean-field theory
• A Nuclear Equation of State Inferred from Stellar r-process Abundances
• A New Structure in the Deuteron
• Hyperons during proto-neutron star deleptonization and the emission of dark flavoured particles
• Neutrino beaming in ultraluminous X-ray pulsars as a result of gravitational lensing by neutron stars
• Maximal Mass Neutron Star as a Key to Superdense Matter Physics
• On the Testability of the Quark-Hadron Transition Using Gravitational Waves From Merging Binary Neutron Stars
• Measuring spin in coalescing binaries of neutron stars showing double precursors
• Simulating neutron stars with a flexible enthalpy-based equation of state parametrization in SpECTRE
• Inferring three-nucleon couplings from multi-messenger neutron-star observations
• Equation of state in neutron stars and supernovae
• Constraining the Surface Curvature of an Anisotropic Neutron Star
• Effects of dark boson mediated feeble interaction between dark matter (DM) and quark matter on $f$-mode oscillation of DM admixed quark stars
• Neutron Decay Anomaly and Its Effects on Neutron Star Properties
• Universal relation involving fundamental modes in two-fluid dark matter admixed neutron stars
• Color superconductivity under neutron-star conditions at next-to-leading order
• Cooling of dark neutron stars
• Quarkyonic picture of isospin QCD
• Mass and radius of the most massive neutron star: The probe of the equation of state and perturbative QCD
• Unraveling Trace Anomaly of Supradense Matter via Neutron Star Compactness Scaling
• Illuminating dark matter admixed in neutron stars with simultaneous mass-radius constraints
• Strange stars admixed with dark matter: equiparticle model in a two fluid approach
• Detecting Hyperons in neutron stars -- a machine learning approach
• Non-radial oscillations of hadronic neutron stars, quark stars, and hybrid stars : Calculation of $f$, $p$, and $g$ mode frequencies
• Measuring Mass and Radius of the Maximum-mass Nonrotating Neutron Star
• Towards a unified hadron-quark equation of state for neutron stars within the relativistic mean-field model
• Nonradial oscillations of stratified neutron stars with solid crusts: Mode characterization and tidal resonances in coalescing binaries
• The double neutron star PSR J1946+2052 I. Masses and tests of general relativity
• Did a Kilonova Set Off in Our Galactic Backyard 3.5 Myr ago?
• A double dipole geometry for PSR~J0740+6620
• Rotating Neutron Stars with the Relativistic Ab Initio Calculations
• Impact of QCD sum rules coupling constants on neutron stars structure
• Upper Limit of Sound Speed in Nuclear Matter: A Harmonious Interplay of Transport Calculation and Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamic Constraint
• Observational Probes of the Neutron Star Equation of State with Hyperons, Bosonic Dark Matter, and Quark Matter
• Hybrid stars within the framework of the Sigma-Omega-Rho model combined with the MIT and NJL models
• Insights Into Neutron Stars From Gravitational Redshifts and Universal Relations
• Neutron star equation of state: identifying hadronic matter characteristics
• Exploring $\Delta$-resonance in neutron stars: implications from astrophysical and nuclear observations
• Impact of Hot Inner Crust on Compact Stars at Finite Temperature
• Investigating the Impact of Higher-Order Phase Transitions in Binary Neutron-Star Mergers
• Multi-band Extension of the Wideband Timing Technique
• Improving pulsar-timing solutions through dynamic pulse fitting
• Oscillating Magnetized Color Superconducting Quark Stars
• Conformality and percolation threshold in neutron stars
• New Skyrme parametrizations to describe finite nuclei and neutron star matter with realistic effective masses
• The nucleardatapy toolkit for simple access to experimental nuclear data, astrophysical observations, and theoretical predictions
• Equation-of-state-informed pulse profile modeling
• Equation of State Independent Determination on the Radius of a 1.4 $M_{\odot }$ Neutron Star Using Mass-Radius Measurements
• Effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlation and symmetry energy on the evolution of newly born magnetars
• Investigating the role of nuclear parameters in Neutron Star oscillations: a model comparison
• Strongly interacting matter in extreme magnetic fields
• New Insights into Supradense Matter from Dissecting Scaled Stellar Structure Equations
• Recent astrophysical observations reproduced by a short-range correlated van der Waals-type model?
• Fastest spinning millisecond pulsars: indicators for quark matter in neutron stars?
• Selfsimilarity relations for torsional oscillations of neutron stars
• Constraining neutron star properties through parity-violating electron scattering experiments and relativistic point coupling interactions
• Dependence of postmerger properties on the thermal heating efficiency in neutron star mergers
• Populations of ultraluminous X-ray sources in galaxies: origin and evolution
• Structural properties of charged compact stars with color-flavour-locked quarks matter
• I-C-Q relations for rapidly rotating stable hybrid stars
• Effect of Dark matter and $\sigma$-cut potential on radial and non-radial oscillation modes in neutron stars
• Properties of compact objects in quadratic non-metricity gravity
• $g$-mode of neutron stars in pseudo-Newtonian gravity
• Dark matter effects in modified teleparallel gravity
• Neutrino signals from Neutron Star implosions to Black Holes
• Equation of State of Hot Neutron Star Matter using Finite Range Simple Effective Interaction
• Probing into the Possible Range of the U Bosonic Coupling Constants in Neutron Stars Containing Hyperons
• Connecting Relativistic Density Functional Theory to Microscopic Calculations
• Nucleon Short-Range Correlations and High-Momentum Dynamics: Implications on the Equation of State of Dense Matter
• Deciphering Accretion-Driven Starquakes in Recycled Millisecond Pulsars using Gravitational Waves
• Conditional variational autoencoder inference of neutron star equation of state from astrophysical observations
• Framework for phase transitions between the Maxwell and Gibbs constructions at finite temperature
• Neutron Star with Dark Matter Admixture: A Candidate for Bridging the Mass Gap
• Application of Kaluza-Klein Theory in Modeling Compact Stars: Exploring Extra Dimensions
• Impact of the relativistic Cowling approximation on shear and interface modes of neutron stars
• Constraints on color-flavor locked quark matter in view of the HESS J1731-347 measurement
• Bayesian analysis of multimessenger M-R data with interpolated hybrid EoS
• Formation of a magnetized hybrid star with a purely toroidal field from phase-transition-induced collapse
• Tests of Classical Gravity with Radio Pulsars
• Novel features of asymmetric nuclear matter from terrestrial experiments and astrophysical observations of neutron stars
• A holographic study on QCD phase transition and neutron star properties
• Neutron Star Radii from Laboratory Experiments
• Rotational mass of anisotropic neutron stars within Rastall gravity
• Direct Inference of Nuclear Equation-of-State Parameters from Gravitational-Wave Observations
• $f$ and $p$ mode oscillation of proto-neutron stars with systematic variation of the nucleon effective mass
• Properties of glitching pulsars in the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock framework
• Hyperons in Neutron Stars across the observed mass range: Insights from realistic $\Lambda$-N and $\Lambda$-$\Lambda$ interactions within a Microscopic Framework
• The Impact of $f(\mathcal{G},T)$ Gravity on the Evolution of Cavity in the Cluster of Stars
• Effective Field Theories for Neutron Stars Physics
• Mass Distribution and "Mass Gap" of Compact Stellar Remnants in Binary Systems
• Quark confinement in an equiparticle quark model: application to stellar matter
• Semiclassical Effects in Color Flavor Locked Strange Stars
• Is it possible to distinguish between different black hole solutions using the Shapiro time delay?
• Gravitational Redshift for Rapidly Rotating Neutron Stars
• Anisotropic pressure effect on central EOS of PSR J0740+6620 in the light of dimensionless TOV equation
• Universal relations between the quasinormal modes of neutron stars and magnetic tidal deformability
• Dineutron decay into sterile anti-neutrinos in neutron stars and its observable consequences
• Hadron-quark phase transition in the neutron star with vector MIT bag model and Korea-IBS-Daegu-SKKU functional
• Neutron Star Mergers and the Quark Matter Equation of State
• Dipole Polarizability of Finite Nuclei as a Probe of Neutron Stars
• Rapidly Spinning Massive Pulsars as an Indicator of Quark Deconfinement
• Probing the equation of state of neutron stars with captured primordial black holes
• Scalarized neutron stars with a highly relativistic core in scalar-tensor gravity
• Hybrid stars from a constrained equation of state
• Parameter constraints for accreting millisecond pulsars with synthetic NICER data
• How Neutron Star Observations Point Towards Exotic Matter: Existing Explanations and a Prospective Proposal
• Density dependent speed of sound and its consequences in neutron stars
• Effects of Phi and ${\sigma }^{\ast }$-meson on properties of hyperon stars including $\Delta$ resonance
• PSR J1227$-$6208 and its massive white dwarf companion: pulsar emission analysis, timing update and mass measurements
• Joint Inference of Population, Cosmology, and Neutron Star Equation of State from Gravitational Waves of Dark Binary Neutron Stars
• Viscous damping of r-modes and emission of gravitational waves
• The mixed phase quark core in massive hybrid stars
• Effect of symmetry energy on properties of rapidly rotating neutron stars and universal relations
• Identification and characterization of optical companions to the population of millisecond pulsars in the globular cluster M3
• Bayesian inference favors quark matter in neutron star interiors
• Imprints of high-density nuclear symmetry energy on the crustal fraction of neutron star moment of inertia
• Consistent crust-core interpolation and its effect on non-radial neutron star oscillations
• Are NICER and GW170817 constraints suggesting a compactified scenario for Neutron stars?
• Neutron stars as extreme gravity probes
• Is The Trace Anomaly at its Minimum Value at Neutron Star Centers?
• Effects of a Brueckner-Hartree-Fock-corrected effective mass on speed of sound, conformality, and observables of dark matter-admixed neutron stars
• New ab initio constrained extended Skyrme equations of state for simulations of neutron stars, supernovae and binary mergers: II. Thermal response in the suprasaturation density domain
• Systematic study of the morphology and length of slow stable hybrid star branches
• Influence of hyperon-hyperon interaction on the properties of neutron stars
• Shapiro Delay Measurements from Fifteen Years of PSR J1231$-$1411 Radio Observations
• The spin-orbit alignment hypothesis in millisecond pulsars
• Electrically charged supermassive twin stars
• Optical spectral observations of three binary millisecond pulsars
• Heavy Neutron Star Phenomenology with an H-dibaryon
• X-ray pulsed light curves of highly compact neutron stars as probes of scalar-tensor theories of gravity
• Characterizing the quark-hadron mixed phase in compact star cores : sensitivity to nuclear saturation and quark-model parameters at finite-temperature
• Explanation of the exceptionally strong timing noise of PSR J0337+1715 by a circum-ternary planet and consequences for gravity tests
• Calculation of the transport coefficients in neutron star
• Estimation of neutron star mass and radius of FRB 20240114A by identification of crustal oscillations
• Impact of hyperons on structural properties of neutron stars and hybrid stars within the regularized four-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Limitations in constraining neutron star radii and nuclear properties from inspiral gravitational wave detections
• Astrophysical constraints on neutron star $f$-modes with a nonparametric equation of state representation
• The effect of multiple extra dimensions on the maximal mass of compact stars in Kaluza-Klein space-time
• Limits on the mass of compact objects in Hořava-Lifshitz gravity
• General gravitational properties of neutron stars: curvature invariants, binding energy, and trace anomaly
• Gravitational wave interactions with a viscous fluid: Core collapse supernova, binary neutron star merger, and accretion around a black hole merger
• Impact of Anisotropy on Neutron Star Structure and Curvature
• Influence of dark matter on hybrid and twin stars
• Fundamental modes of rotating neutron stars with various degrees of differential rotation in dynamical spacetimes
• Quasi-stationary sequences of hyper massive neutron stars with exotic equations of state
• XTE J1814-338 as a strange star admixed with bosonic dark matter
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• Neutron Star Equation of State with Nucleon Short-Range Correlations: A Concise Review and Open Issues
• Universal relation between dipole polarizability of finite nuclei and neutron-star compactness
• Combining simulation-based inference and universal relations for precise and accurate neutron star science
• Constraining Hamiltonians from chiral effective field theory with neutron-star data
• Insights into the equation of state of neutron-rich matter since GW170817
• Astrometric microlensing probes of the isolated neutron star population with Roman
• Impact of crust-core connection procedures on the tidal deformability of neutron stars
• Bayesian Inference of Neutron Star Properties in $f(Q)$ Gravity Using NICER Observations
• Novae breves from magnetar giant flares: Potential probes of neutron star crusts
• Evolution of Crab Pulsar: Magnetic Inclination Angle and Spin
• Investigating the mass-ratio dependence of the prompt-collapse threshold with numerical-relativity simulations
• Universality of dual mass-scaled fundamental modes in two-fluid neutron stars with mirror dark matter
• The $g$-mode frequencies in cold neutron stars and nuclear saturation parameters
• $f$-mode Oscillations for Hyperons and H-dibaryons in Neutron Stars
• Examining the possibility of a thick crust in the compact stellar object HESS J1731-347
• Dark, deep, deconfining: Phase transitions in neutron stars as powerful probes of hidden sectors
• Antikaon condensation in magnetized neutron star matter within the framework of the $\sigma$-cut scheme
• Equation-of-State Independent Relations in Rapidly Rotating Hybrid Stars
• Recurring region for neutron-star observables
• Learning about neutron star composition from the slope of the mass-radius diagram
• Unified nonparametric equation-of-state inference from the neutron-star crust to perturbative-QCD densities
• Hybrid stars with large strange quark cores
• Updated estimates of post-merger gravitational wave energy released in GW170817 and the maximum neutron star mass
• Parity-doubled nucleons can rapidly cool neutron stars
• Properties of H particle-admixed compact star
• Neutrino mean free path in neutron stars in the presence of hyperons
• Chiral restoration of strange baryons
• Mode changing in J1909$-$3744: the most precisely timed pulsar
• Effects of isoscalar- and isovector-scalar meson mixing on neutron star structure
• Transport Model Comparison Studies of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Probing neutron stars with the full pre-merger and post-merger gravitational wave signal from binary coalescences
• Structural Properties of Magnetized Neutron Stars under f (R, T ) Gravity Framework
• Scalarized Hybrid Neutron Stars in Scalar Tensor Gravity
• The nuclear matter density functional under the nucleonic hypothesis