Theoretical and Experimental Constraints for the Equation of State of Dense and Hot Matter

Abstract

This review aims at providing an extensive discussion of modern constraints relevant for dense and hot strongly interacting matter. It includes theoretical first-principle results from lattice and perturbative QCD, as well as chiral effective field theory results. From the experimental side, it includes heavy-ion collision and low-energy nuclear physics results, as well as observations from neutron stars and their mergers. The validity of different constraints, concerning specific conditions and ranges of applicability, is also provided.

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• Longitudinal dynamics and particle production in relativistic nuclear collisions
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• Inference of the sound speed and related properties of neutron stars
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• Finite-temperature extension for cold neutron star equations of state
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• Neutron stars with small radii -- the role of delta resonances
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• Relativistic hypernuclear compact stars with calibrated equations of state
• A comparative study of statistical models for nuclear equation of state of stellar matter
• Perturbative QCD and the Neutron Star Equation of State
• Double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei in the relativistic mean-field theory
• Flow and interferometry results from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{NN}}$ = 4.5 GeV
• Global baryon number conservation encoded in net-proton fluctuations measured in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Azimuthal harmonics in small and large collision systems at RHIC top energies
• Hydrodynamic transport coefficients for the non-conformal quark-gluon plasma from holography
• Constraints on the nuclear symmetry energy from asymmetric-matter calculations with chiral NN and 3N interactions
• Future Physics Perspectives on the Equation of State from Heavy Ion Collisions to Neutron Stars
• Impact of large-mass constraints on the properties of neutron stars
• Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 4.3 GeV and $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 200.0 GeV
• What constraints on the neutron star maximum mass can one pose from GW170817 observations?
• Beam Energy Dependence of Triton Production and Yield Ratio (${\mathrm{N}}_t\times {\mathrm{N}}_p/{\mathrm{N}}_d^2$) in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Equations of state for hot neutron stars -- II. The role of exotic particle degrees of freedom
• Estimating the maximum gravitational mass of nonrotating neutron stars from the GW170817/GRB 170817A/AT2017gfo observation
• Nuclear matter properties from local chiral interactions with $\Delta$ isobar intermediate states
• Sensitivity of Au+Au collisions to the symmetric nuclear matter equation of state at 2 -- 5 nuclear saturation densities
• Constraints on ${\Xi }^{-}$ nuclear interactions from capture events in emulsion
• Dense and Hot QCD at Strong Coupling
• Influence of hadronic resonances on the chemical freeze-out in heavy-ion collisions
• Quark formation and phenomenology in binary neutron-star mergers using V-QCD
• Bulk Properties of the System Formed in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 14.5 GeV
• Bulk viscosity in relativistic fluids: from thermodynamics to hydrodynamics
• EoS for hot neutron stars
• Higher harmonic non-linear flow modes of charged hadrons in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Implicit correlations within phenomenological parametric models of the neutron star equation of state
• $g$-modes of neutron stars with hadron-to-quark crossover transitions
• Quartic cumulant of baryon number in the presence of QCD critical point
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• Hydrodynamic Predictions for Mixed Harmonic Correlations in 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions
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• Thermodynamic properties of nuclear matter with three-body forces
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• Formulating bulk viscosity for neutron star simulations
• Effects of a phase transition on two-pion interferometry in heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.4-7.7$ GeV
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• Density-dependent symmetry energy at subsaturation densities from nuclear mass differences
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• Delta Baryons in Neutron-Star Matter under Strong Magnetic Fields
• Principal-component analysis of two-particle azimuthal correlations in PbPb and pPb collisions at CMS
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• Light (anti)nuclei production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
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• Confronting a set of Skyrme and ${\chi }_{EFT}$ predictions for the crust of neutron stars
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• Energy Dependence of the Breit-Wheeler process in Heavy-Ion Collisions and its Application to Nuclear Charge Radius Measurements
• Collision-System and Beam-Energy Dependence of Anisotropic Flow Fluctuations
• Exploring the effects of Delta Baryons in magnetars
• Investigation of the linear and mode-coupled flow harmonics in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV
• Azimuthal dependence of pion source radii in Pb+Au collisions at 158 A GeV
• Mapping out the thermodynamic stability of a QCD equation of state with a critical point using active learning
• Anisotropic flow of identified hadrons in Xe-Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.44TeV
• Hot and Dense Matter Equation of State Probability Distributions for Astrophysical Simulations
• Constraining the nonanalytic terms in the isospin-asymmetry expansion of the nuclear equation of state
• Pion, kaon, and (anti-)proton production in U+U Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 193 GeV measured with the STAR detector
• Interferometric signatures of the temperature dependence of the specific shear viscosity in heavy-ion collisions
• Quantifying the evidence against a mass gap between black holes and neutron stars
• Hot and Dense QCD Shear Viscosity at Leading Log
• Closing in on critical net-baryon fluctuations at LHC energies: cumulants up to third order in Pb$-$Pb collisions
• Effects of the QCD phase transition on hadronic observables in relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of heavy-ion reactions in the FAIR/NICA energy regime
• The relationship of the neutron-skin thickness to the symmetry energy and its slope
• Beam energy dependence of the linear and mode-coupled flow harmonics in Au+Au collisions
• Hanbury Brown--Twiss Interferometry and Collectivity in Small Systems
• Relating eccentricity fluctuations to density fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Azimuthal anisotropy measurement of (multi-)strange hadrons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV
• Probing the structure of the initial state of heavy-ion collisions with $p_T$-dependent flow fluctuations
• Impact of hadronic interactions and conservation laws on cumulants of conserved charges in a dynamical model
• Selection Effects in Periodic X-ray Data from Maximizing Detection Statistics
• Highlights from the NA61/SHINE experiment
• Measurements of the fluctuations of identified particles in ALICE at the LHC
• Elliptic flow of strange and multi-strange hadrons in isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV at RHIC

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• The Influence of Muons, Pions, and Trapped Neutrinos on Neutron Star Mergers
• Novel Scalings of Neutron Star Properties from Analyzing Dimensionless Tolman--Oppenheimer--Volkoff Equations
• Constraining neutron star matter from the slope of the mass-radius curves
• Hybrid stars with large quark cores within the parity doublet model and modified NJL model
• Nambu-Jona-Lasinio description of hadronic matter from a Bayesian approach
• Higgs-Confinement Transitions in QCD from Symmetry Protected Topological Phases
• From chiral EFT to perturbative QCD: a Bayesian model mixing approach to symmetric nuclear matter
• The Radius of PSR J0437-4715 from NICER Data
• Improved Analytic Love-C Relations for Neutron Stars
• Analytical insights into the interplay of momentum, multiplicity and the speed of sound in heavy-ion collisions
• Hyperons during proto-neutron star deleptonization and the emission of dark flavoured particles
• Investigating the Impact of Higher-Order Phase Transitions in Binary Neutron-Star Mergers
• New Insights into Supradense Matter from Dissecting Scaled Stellar Structure Equations
• Suppression of composition $g$-modes in chemically-equilibrating warm neutron stars
• Microscopic constraints for the equation of state and structure of neutron stars: a Bayesian model mixing framework
• Optimal collision-energy range for realizing macroscopic high-baryon-density matter
• Star Log-extended eMulation: a method for efficient computation of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations
• Chiral phase transition: effective field theory and holography
• Thermodynamics of strongly magnetized dense quark matter from hard dense loop perturbation theory
• A post-Newtonian approach to neutron star oscillations
• Eccentricity as a signature of hierarchical subsolar-mass mergers in collapsar disks
• Constraining the competition between the deconfinement and chiral phase transitions in light of the multimessenger era
• Lattice-based equation of state with a critical point from constant entropy contours and its comparison to effective QCD approaches
• Neutron Stars in Causal Scalar-Tensor Theories
• Recurring region for neutron-star observables
• Three-dimensional equation of state extension of quark matter in Fermi-liquid theory
• Fermi-liquid view of viscosity in cold and dense nucleon matter
• Neutron Star Equation of State with Nucleon Short-Range Correlations: A Concise Review and Open Issues
• Astrometric microlensing probes of the isolated neutron star population with Roman