Fluctuations as probe of the QCD phase transition and freeze-out in heavy ion collisions at LHC and RHIC

Abstract

We discuss the relevance of higher order moments of net baryon number fluctuations for the analysis of freeze-out and critical conditions in heavy ion collisions at LHC and RHIC. Using properties of O(4) scaling functions, we discuss the generic structure of these higher moments at vanishing baryon chemical potential and apply chiral model calculations to explore their properties at non-zero baryon chemical potential. We show that the ratios of the sixth to second and eighth to second order moments of the net baryon number fluctuations change rapidly in the transition region of the QCD phase diagram. Already at vanishing baryon chemical potential they deviate considerably from the predictions of the hadron resonance gas model which reproduce the second to fourth order moments of the net proton number fluctuations at RHIC. We point out that the sixth order moments of baryon number and electric charge fluctuations remain negative at the chiral transition temperature. Thus, they offer the possibility to probe the proximity of the thermal freeze-out to the crossover line.

24 pages, 12 EPS files, revised version, to appear in EPJC

References in corpus (9)

• Exact evolution equation for the effective potential
• The Phase Structure of the Polyakov--Quark-Meson Model
• Probing freeze-out conditions in heavy ion collisions with moments of charge fluctuations
• Susceptibilities and the Phase Structure of a Chiral Model with Polyakov Loops
• QCD at finite chemical potential with six time slices
• The phase boundary for the chiral transition in (2+1)-flavor QCD at small values of the chemical potential
• Quark number susceptibilities: lattice QCD versus PNJL model
• Status of Lattice Studies of the QCD Phase Diagram
• Net-baryon number fluctuations in (2+1)-flavor QCD

Cited by in corpus (167)

• Mapping the Phases of Quantum Chromodynamics with Beam Energy Scan
• Search for the QCD Critical Point with Fluctuations of Conserved Quantities in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC : An Overview
• The QCD Equation of State to $\mathcal{O}({\mu }_B^6)$ from Lattice QCD
• Fluctuations and Correlations of net baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness: A comparison of lattice QCD results with the hadron resonance gas model
• Properties of hot and dense matter from relativistic heavy ion collisions
• QCD at finite temperature and chemical potential from Dyson-Schwinger equations
• Fluctuations and correlations in high temperature QCD
• 50 Years of Quantum Chromodynamics
• Skewness, kurtosis and the 5th and 6th order cumulants of net baryon-number distributions from lattice QCD confront high-statistics STAR data
• Baryon number conservation and the cumulants of the net proton distribution
• The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
• Relation between baryon number fluctuations and experimentally observed proton number fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Lattice QCD equation of state at finite chemical potential from an alternative expansion scheme
• Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Net-proton, Proton and Antiproton Multiplicity Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Real time evolution of non-Gaussian cumulants in the QCD critical regime
• Acceptance corrections to net baryon and net charge cumulants
• Volume fluctuations and higher order cumulants of the net baryon number
• QCD critical region and higher moments for three flavor models
• Revealing baryon number fluctuations from proton number fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Conserved number fluctuations in a hadron resonance gas model
• The QCD equation of state at finite density from analytical continuation
• Fluctuations of conserved charges in relativistic heavy ion collisions: An introduction
• Relativistic nuclear collisions: Establishing a non-critical baseline for fluctuation measurements
• Baryon number fluctuations in the QCD phase diagram from Dyson-Schwinger equations
• Reaching percolation and conformal limits in neutron stars
• Hyper-order baryon number fluctuations at finite temperature and density
• Theoretical and Experimental Constraints for the Equation of State of Dense and Hot Matter
• Unified Description of Efficiency Correction and Error Estimation for Moments of Conserved Quantities in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• QCD at finite temperature and density within the fRG approach: An overview
• Error Estimation for Moments Analysis in Heavy-Ion Collision Experiments
• Universal off-equilibrium scaling of critical cumulants in the QCD phase diagram
• Dynamical net-proton fluctuations near a QCD critical point
• Examination of directed flow as a signature of the softest point of the equation of state in QCD matter
• Equilibrium Statistical-Thermal Models in High-Energy Physics
• On the relevance of matter and glue dynamics for baryon number fluctuations
• Connecting fluctuation measurements in heavy-ion collisions with the grand-canonical susceptibilities
• A Study of the Properties of the QCD Phase Diagram in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
• Cumulants and Correlation Functions vs the QCD phase diagram
• More efficient formulas for efficiency correction of cumulants and effect of using averaged efficiency
• The scaling functions of the free energy density and its derivatives for the 3d O(4) model
• Global baryon number conservation encoded in net-proton fluctuations measured in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Baryon number fluctuations in chiral effective models and their phenomenological implications
• Net-proton probability distribution in heavy ion collisions
• Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
• Sensitivity of multiplicity fluctuations to freeze-out conditions in heavy ion collisions
• Collision energy dependence of second-order off-diagonal and diagonal cumulants of net-charge, net-proton and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions
• Nonequilibrium time evolution of higher order cumulants of conserved charges and event-by-event analysis
• Effects of kinematic cuts on net-electric charge fluctuations
• Functional renormalization group analysis of the soft mode at the QCD critical point
• Properties and uses of factorial cumulants in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Particlization of an interacting hadron resonance gas with global conservation laws for event-by-event fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Modeling Finite-Volume Effects and Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Two-Flavor QCD Thermodynamics
• Net-charge probability distributions in heavy ion collisions at chemical freeze-out
• Fluctuations and correlations of net baryon number, electric charge and strangeness in a background magnetic field
• Reliability of Taylor expansions in QCD
• Effects of global charge conservation on time evolution of cumulants of conserved charges in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Net quark number probability distribution near the chiral crossover transition
• Dynamical equilibration of strongly interacting "infinite" parton matter within the parton-hadron-string dynamics transport approach
• Dynamical evolution of critical fluctuations and its observation in heavy ion collisions
• Criticality of the net-baryon number probability distribution at finite density
• Correlated stopping, proton clusters and higher order proton cumulants
• Magnetic shift of the chemical freezeout and electric charge fluctuations
• Net-baryon fluctuations measured with ALICE at the CERN LHC
• Net-baryon number fluctuations in the Hybrid Quark-Meson-Nucleon model at finite density
• Effects of Nuclear Potential on the Cumulants of Net-Proton and Net-Baryon Multiplicity Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5\text{GeV}$
• Impact of resonance decays on critical point signals in net-proton fluctuations
• Lattice QCD Thermodynamics with Physical Quark Masses
• Proton Cumulants and Correlation Functions in Au + Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=7.7-200 GeV from UrQMD Model
• Non-perturbative dynamics and charge fluctuations in effective chiral models
• Volume dependence of baryon number cumulants and their ratios
• Probing QCD Phase Structure by Baryon Multiplicity Distribution
• Rapidity dependence of proton cumulants and correlation functions
• Conserved charge fluctuations are not conserved during the hadronic phase
• Light cluster production at NICA
• Thermal blurring of event-by-event fluctuations provoked by rapidity conversion
• Cumulants of event-by-event net-strangeness distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=7.7-200 GeV from UrQMD model
• Effect of limited statistics on higher order cumulants measurement in heavy-ion collision experiments
• The equation of state of QCD at finite chemical potential
• Real-time dynamics of the $O(4)$ scalar theory within the fRG approach
• Melting of heavy vector mesons and quasinormal modes in a finite density plasma from holography
• Rapidity window dependences of higher order cumulants and diffusion master equation
• On the Higher Moments of Particle Multiplicity, Chemical Freeze-Out and QCD Critical Endpoint
• Experimental results on fluctuations of conserved charges confronted with predictions from canonical thermodynamics
• Entropy production and reheating at the chiral phase transition
• Chemical Freeze-Out and Higher Order Multiplicity Moments
• Dynamics of non-Gaussian fluctuations in model A
• Fluctuations near the liquid-gas and chiral phase transitions in hadronic matter
• Identifying the presence of the critical end point in QCD phase diagram by higher order susceptibilities
• Lattice-based QCD equation of state at finite baryon density: Cluster Expansion Model
• Fourier coefficients of the net-baryon number density and chiral criticality
• Fluctuations and correlations of baryonic chiral partners
• Higher order net-proton number cumulants dependence on the centrality definition and other spurious effects
• Broadening of the chiral critical region in a hydrodynamically expanding medium
• Generalized quark number susceptibilities from fugacity expansion at finite chemical potential for $N_f$ = 2 Wilson fermions
• Hagedorn bag-like model with a crossover transition meets lattice QCD
• The imprint of conservation laws on correlated particle production
• Probing QCD critical fluctuations from the yield ratio of strange hadrons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Measurement of cumulants of conserved charge multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions from the STAR experiment
• The topological structures in strongly coupled QGP with chiral fermions on the lattice
• Probing the QCD phase diagram with fluctuations
• The presence of a critical end point in the QCD phase diagram from the net-baryon number fluctuations
• Higher moment fluctuations of identified particle distributions from ALICE
• Unfolding of event-by-event net-charge distributions in heavy-ion collision
• Moments of charge fluctuations, pseudo-critical temperatures and freeze-out in heavy ion collisions
• Approaches to QCD phase diagram; effective models, strong-coupling lattice QCD, and compact stars
• Measurement of the Sixth-Order Cumulant of Net-Proton Distributions in Au+Au Collisions from the STAR Experiment
• Pileup corrections on higher-order cumulants
• Closing in on critical net-baryon fluctuations at LHC energies: cumulants up to third order in Pb$-$Pb collisions
• Net baryon number fluctuations across the chiral phase transition at finite density in the strong coupling lattice QCD
• Finite-volume effects in baryon number fluctuations around the QCD critical endpoint
• Net baryon-number fluctuations in magnetized quark matter
• Deciphering the phases of QCD matter with fluctuations and correlations of conserved charges
• Interplay between chiral dynamics and repulsive interactions
• On the Energy and Centrality Dependence of Higher Order Moments of Net-Proton Distributions in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Neutral to charged kaon yield fluctuations in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76TeV
• Pileup Correction on Higher-order Cumulants with Unfolding Approach
• Statistical and dynamical parts of the cumulants of conserved charges in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Momentum scale dependence of the net quark number fluctuations near chiral crossover
• Effects of resonance weak decays and hadronic re-scattering on the proton number fluctuations in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5$ GeV from JAM model
• Polyakov linear-sigma model in mean-field approximation and optimized perturbation theory
• Baryon Resonances in a Chiral Hadronic Model for the QCD Equation of State
• Event-by-Event Efficiency Fluctuations and Efficiency Correction for Cumulants of Superposed Multiplicity Distributions in Relativistic Heavy-ion Collision Experiments
• Determination of freeze-out conditions from fluctuation observables measured at RHIC
• Confronting fluctuations of conserved charges in central nuclear collisions at the LHC with predictions from Lattice QCD
• Anatomy of critical fluctuations in hadronic matter
• Dynamical development of proton cumulants and correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV from a multiphase transport model
• Finite Volume Cumulant Expansion in QCD-Colorless Plasma
• Conserved Charge Fluctuations in a Chiral Hadronic Model including Hadrons and Quarks
• Net-proton number fluctuations in the presence of the QCD critical point
• Probing nuclear liquid-gas phase transition with isospin correlations
• On the effect of secondary protons on baryon and proton number cumulants in event-by-event analysis
• Correlations between light and heavy flavors near the chiral crossover
• Overview of fluctuation and correlation measurements
• Effects of centrality fluctuation and deuteron formation on proton number cumulant in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV from JAM model
• "QM19 summary talk": Outlook and future of heavy-ion collisions
• Density correlations under global and local charge conservation
• Measurement of the ratio of the sixth order to the second order cumulant of net-proton multiplicity distributions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• The sixth order cumulant of net-proton number in Binomial distribution at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 200 GeV
• N-particle irreducible actions for stochastic fluids
• Purity correction for cumulants of hyperon number distribution
• Conformality and percolation threshold in neutron stars
• System size dependence of baryon-strangeness correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions from a multiphase transport model
• Stable Yang-Lee zeros in truncated fugacity series from net-baryon number multiplicity distribution
• Baryon production and net-proton distributions in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Measurements of charged-particle multiplicity dependence of higher-order net-proton cumulants in $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 200 GeV from STAR at RHIC
• Bubble nucleation in the two-flavor quark-meson model
• Critical behavior towards the chiral limit at vanishing and non-vanishing chemical potentials
• Influence of statistics on the measured moments of conserved quantities in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Non-equilibrium cumulants within model A from crossover to first-order phase transition side
• Inflection point as a characteristic of the QCD critical point
• Probing fluctuations and correlations of strangeness by net-kaon cumulants in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV
• Influences of statistics and initial size fluctuation on high-order cumulants of conserved quantities in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Behavior and finite-size effects of the sixth order cumulant in the three-dimensional Ising universality class
• Constructing probability density function of net-proton multiplicity distributions using Pearson curve method
• Investigations into the characteristics and influences of nonequilibrium evolution
• Overlap between Lattice QCD and HRG with in-medium effects and parity doubling
• Baseline study for net-proton number fluctuations at top energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider with the Angantyr model
• Generalized susceptibilities along the phase boundary of the three-dimensional, three-state Potts model
• Cumulants and factorial cumulants in the 3-dimensional Ising universality class
• Ratio of baryon and electric-charge cumulants at second order with acceptance corrections
• Measurement of correlations among net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Study of baryon-strangeness and charge-strangeness correlations in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV with ALICE
• Kurtoses and high order cumulants: Insights from resummed perturbation theory
• Thermalization of Nuclear Matter in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Fermi-Energies
• Finite-size behaviour of generalized susceptibilities in the whole phase plane of the Potts model
• Cumulants in the 3-dimensional Ising, O(2) and O(4) spin models
• Fixed point behavior of cumulants in the three-dimensional Ising universality class