Relativistic nuclear collisions: Establishing a non-critical baseline for fluctuation measurements

Abstract

We study the influence of global baryon number conservation on the non-critical baseline of net baryon cumulants in heavy-ion collisions in a given acceptance, accounting for the asymmetry between the mean-numbers of baryons and antibaryons. We derive the probability distribution of net baryon number in a restricted phase space from the canonical partition function that incorporates exact conservation of baryon number in the full system. Furthermore, we provide tools to compute cumulants of any order from the generating function of uncorrelated baryons constrained by exact baryon number conservation. The results are applied to quantify the non-critical baseline for cumulants of net proton number fluctuations obtained in heavy-ion collisions by the STAR collaboration at different RHIC energies and by the ALICE collaboration at the LHC. Furthermore, volume fluctuations are added by a Monte Carlo procedure based on the centrality dependence of charged particle production as measured experimentally. Compared to the predictions based on the hadron resonance gas model or Skellam distribution a clear suppression of fluctuations is observed due to exact baryon-number conservation. The suppression increases with the order of the cumulant and towards lower collision energies. Predictions for net proton cumulants up to the eight order in heavy-ion collisions are given for experimentally accessible collision energies.

References in corpus (56)

• The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics
• Relativistic Hadron-Hadron Collisions in the Ultra-Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics Model (UrQMD)
• Signatures of the Tricritical Point in QCD
• Decoding the phase structure of QCD via particle production at high energy
• Chiral crossover in QCD at zero and non-zero chemical potentials
• On the Phase Diagram of QCD
• Static and Dynamic Critical Phenomena at a Second Order QCD Phase Transition
• Thermodynamics of Two Flavor QCD to Sixth Order in Quark Chemical Potential
• Energy Dependence of Moments of Net-proton Multiplicity Distributions at RHIC
• Mapping the Phases of Quantum Chromodynamics with Beam Energy Scan
• Fluctuations and Correlations of net baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness: A comparison of lattice QCD results with the hadron resonance gas model
• Universality, the QCD critical/tricritical point and the quark number susceptibility
• Probing freeze-out conditions in heavy ion collisions with moments of charge fluctuations
• Baryon Stopping and Charged Particle Distributions in Central Pb+Pb Collisions at 158 GeV per Nucleon
• Susceptibilities and the Phase Structure of a Chiral Model with Polyakov Loops
• Hadronic fluctuations at the QCD phase transition
• Fluctuations as probe of the QCD phase transition and freeze-out in heavy ion collisions at LHC and RHIC
• Chiral phase transition temperature in (2+1)-Flavor QCD
• Susceptibilities near the QCD (tri)critical point
• Skewness, kurtosis and the 5th and 6th order cumulants of net baryon-number distributions from lattice QCD confront high-statistics STAR data
• On the magnetic equation of state in (2+1)-flavor QCD
• Baryon number conservation and the cumulants of the net proton distribution
• Relation between baryon number fluctuations and experimentally observed proton number fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• The renormalization group and quark number fluctuations in the Polyakov loop extended quark-meson model at finite baryon density
• Volume fluctuations and higher order cumulants of the net baryon number
• Energy dependence of Lambda and Xi production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 20A, 30A, 40A, 80A, and 158A GeV measured at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron
• Bridging the gap between event-by-event fluctuation measurements and theory predictions in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Particle Number Fluctuations in Canonical Ensemble
• Volume Fluctuation and Autocorrelation Effects in the Moment Analysis of Net-proton Multiplicity Distributions in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Repulsive baryonic interactions and lattice QCD observables at imaginary chemical potential
• Proton number fluctuations in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.4 GeV Au+Au collisions studied with HADES
• An Experimental Exploration of the QCD Phase Diagram: The Search for the Critical Point and the Onset of De-confinement
• QCD Critical Point and Complex Chemical Potential Singularities
• Centrality dependence of proton and antiproton spectra in Pb+Pb collisions at 40A GeV and 158A GeV measured at the CERN SPS
• Density fluctuations in the presence of spinodal instabilities
• Nuclear stopping and rapidity loss in Au+Au collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}}=62.4 GeV
• Connecting fluctuation measurements in heavy-ion collisions with the grand-canonical susceptibilities
• The Hot QCD White Paper: Exploring the Phases of QCD at RHIC and the LHC
• Global baryon number conservation encoded in net-proton fluctuations measured in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Baryon number fluctuations in chiral effective models and their phenomenological implications
• Net-proton probability distribution in heavy ion collisions
• Inhomogeneous chiral phases away from the chiral limit
• Hadronic fluctuations in the QGP
• Recent results on QCD thermodynamics: lattice QCD versus Hadron Resonance Gas model
• Net-baryon fluctuations measured with ALICE at the CERN LHC
• Probability distributions in statistical ensembles with conserved charges
• NA61/SHINE results on fluctuations and correlations at CERN SPS energies
• Volume fluctuation and multiplicity correlation on higher-order cumulants
• Experimental results on fluctuations of conserved charges confronted with predictions from canonical thermodynamics
• Recent results on net-baryon fluctuations in ALICE
• Factorial cumulants from global baryon number conservation
• Fluctuations in the vicinity of the phase transition line for two flavor QCD
• Higher order cumulants of net baryon-number distributions at non-zero ${\mu }_B$
• Overview of fluctuation and correlation measurements
• The role of the local conservation laws in fluctuations of conserved charges
• Strangeness Production in Light and Intermediate size Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions

Cited by in corpus (54)

• 50 Years of Quantum Chromodynamics
• The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
• Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Net-proton, Proton and Antiproton Multiplicity Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Reaching percolation and conformal limits in neutron stars
• Hyper-order baryon number fluctuations at finite temperature and density
• The Present and Future of QCD
• Proton number cumulants and correlation functions in Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=7.7-200$ GeV from hydrodynamics
• Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
• Particlization of an interacting hadron resonance gas with global conservation laws for event-by-event fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Quartic cumulant of baryon number in the presence of QCD critical point
• Higher-Order Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Proton Multiplicity Distributions in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at the RHIC STAR Experiment
• Lattice simulations of the QCD chiral transition at real baryon density
• Critical lensing and kurtosis near a critical point in the QCD phase diagram in and out-of-equilibrium
• Ripples of the QCD Critical Point
• Fluctuations near the liquid-gas and chiral phase transitions in hadronic matter
• First measurement of antideuteron number fluctuations at energies available at the Large Hadron Collider
• Fluctuations and correlations of baryonic chiral partners
• The imprint of conservation laws on correlated particle production
• Continuum extrapolated high order baryon fluctuations
• Closing in on critical net-baryon fluctuations at LHC energies: cumulants up to third order in Pb$-$Pb collisions
• A model-free procedure to correct for volume fluctuations in E-by-E analyses of particle multiplicities
• Light nuclei production in pp and pA collisions in the Baryon Canonical Ensemble
• Locating the QCD critical point through contours of constant entropy density
• Interplay between chiral dynamics and repulsive interactions
• Deciphering the phases of QCD matter with fluctuations and correlations of conserved charges
• Anatomy of critical fluctuations in hadronic matter
• Thermodynamic approach to proton number fluctuations in baryon-rich heavy-ion matter created at moderate collision energies
• Cooper-Frye sampling with short-range repulsion
• The BEST framework for the search for the QCD critical point and the chiral magnetic effect
• Rapidity scan approach for net-baryon cumulants with a statistical thermal model
• Effects of centrality fluctuation and deuteron formation on proton number cumulant in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV from JAM model
• Probing nuclear liquid-gas phase transition with isospin correlations
• Factorial cumulants from short-range correlations and global baryon number conservation
• Bulk medium properties of heavy-ion collisions from the beam energy scan with a multistage hydrodynamic model
• Density correlations under global and local charge conservation
• The sixth order cumulant of net-proton number in Binomial distribution at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 200 GeV
• Collective Excitation in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions -- In Memory of Professor Lianshou Liu
• Acceptance dependence of factorial cumulants, long-range correlations, and the antiproton puzzle
• Limiting fragmentation in heavy-ion stopping?
• Spheroidal expansion and freeze-out geometry of heavy-ion collisions in the few-GeV energy regime
• Non-equilibrium cumulants within model A from crossover to first-order phase transition side
• Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions: A Status Report
• Probing strangeness hadronization with event-by-event production of multistrange hadrons
• Cumulants from fluctuating width of rapidity distribution
• Cumulants from short-range correlations and baryon number conservation - next-to-leading order
• Influence of modified light-flavor hadron spectra on particle yields in the statistical hadronization model
• Beam Energy Dependence of Fifth and Sixth-Order Net-proton Number Fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Corrections to the hadron resonance gas from lattice QCD and their effect on fluctuation-ratios at finite density
• Collision-energy Dependence of Deuteron Cumulants and Proton-deuteron Correlations in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Proton number fluctuations in partial chemical equilibrium
• Finite-size effects and scaling properties of chiral and baryon-number fluctuations
• Ratio of baryon and electric-charge cumulants at second order with acceptance corrections
• Fluctuations of conserved charges in hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics
• High-order fluctuations of temperature in hot QCD matter