Decoding the phase structure of QCD via particle production at high energy

Abstract

Recent studies based on non-perturbative lattice Monte-Carlo solutions of Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of strong interactions, demonstrated that at high temperature there is a phase change from confined hadronic matter to a deconfined quark-gluon plasma where quarks and gluons can travel distances largely exceeding the size of hadrons. The phase structure of such strongly interacting matter can be decoded via analysis of particle abundances in high energy nuclear collisions within the framework of the statistical hadronization approach. The results imply quark-hadron duality at and experimental delineation of the location of the phase boundary of strongly interacting matter.

15 pages, 8 figures; v2: final version accepted for publication in Nature

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• String-based model with Hagedorn temperature of $T_H\sim 300$MeV describes the spectrum of mesons and glueballs
• Measurement of (anti)alpha production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Parameter space stability of multiple soft interactions
• Corrections to the hadron resonance gas from lattice QCD and their effect on fluctuation-ratios at finite density
• Collision-energy Dependence of Deuteron Cumulants and Proton-deuteron Correlations in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Effects of fluctuations and color-neutrality in a finite volume
• Finite volume effects on quarkonium dissociation temperature in an impenetrable QGP sphere
• Pion screening mass at finite chemical potential
• Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: highlights and opportunities
• Impact of inclusive hadron production data on nuclear gluon PDFs
• Strangeness Enhancement in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb Collisions at LHC Energies
• Thermal-model-based characterization of heavy-ion-collision systems at chemical freeze-out
• Production of loosely-bound hadron molecules from bottomonium decays
• Cumulants of conserved charges in hydrodynamic simulations
• Constraining the hadronic spectrum and repulsive interactions in a hadron resonance gas via fluctuations of conserved charges
• Production characteristics of light nuclei, hypertritons and $\Omega$-hypernuclei in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV
• Rapidity dependence of antideuteron coalescence in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with ALICE
• On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions
• More uses for Thermal Models
• Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of interacting system formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
• Dynamic modeling for heavy-ion collisions
• Measurement of correlations among net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Chemical freeze-out parameters of net-kaons in heavy-ion collisions
• QCD phase transition at finite temperature and chemical potential with the non-extensive statistics
• Light and heavy $\Lambda$ hyperclusters in nuclear matter with relativistic-mean-field models
• Proton number fluctuations in partial chemical equilibrium
• Study of Heavy Hadron Production in Au + Au Collisions at a Center-of-Mass Energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV
• Scaled variables and the quark-hadron duality
• Alpha clustering in warm and dense nuclear matter from heavy-ion collisions
• Split of the pseudo-critical temperatures of chiral and confine/deconfine transitions by temperature gradient
• Variations of the crossover and first-order phase transition curve in modeling the QCD equation of state
• Collision system size scan for light (anti-)nuclei and (anti-)hypertriton production in high energy nuclear collisions
• Finite-size effects and scaling properties of chiral and baryon-number fluctuations
• Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Comment on "Evaluation of kinetic freeze-out properties in different relativistic heavy-ion collision systems at \sqrtsNN = 200 GeV'' (Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2025) 140:179) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06119-0
• Hadronic $J/\psi$ Regeneration in Pb+Pb Collisions
• Effects of Initial Density Fluctuations on Cumulants in Au + Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7 GeV
• Dissociation of Pseudotensor Mesons through Critical Temperature
• Charged pions asymmetry from the decay of light neutral axial mesons due to interference
• Nonequilibrium Phenomenology of Identified Particle Spectra in Heavy-Ion Collisions at LHC Energies
• Unified Functional-Holographic Theory of the QCD Critical End Point
• Systematics of the chemical freeze-out line in the high baryon density regime explored at SIS100
• Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State
• Applicability of Hydrodynamics in Hadronic Phase of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Renormalization-Group Invariant Parity-Doublet Model for Nuclear and Neutron-Star Matter
• Spectral distortions in the decaying QCD dark matter scenario
• Measurement of inclusive $J/\psi$ production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=54.4$ GeV at STAR
• Exact strangeness conservation in heavy ion collisions
• Influence of correlations between yields on the chemical freeze-out temperature
• Holographic information measures for spin-$3/2$ $\Delta$ baryons in AdS/QCD
• Finite-size behavior of higher-order cumulant ratios near criticality in two-dimensional Potts models
• Spectra and elliptic flow of light hadrons in an expanding fire-cylinder model for the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• High-order fluctuations of temperature in hot QCD matter
• Probing Rotational Dynamics of Quark Gluon Plasma via Global Vorticity
• Studying the QCD phase diagram using pressure derivatives from lattice QCD
• Unified analysis of screening masses for vector and axial-vector mesons and their diquark partners in the Contact Interaction model
• Holographic bottomonium formation in a cooling strong-interaction medium at finite baryon density
• Recent developments in particle yield fluctuation measurements
• Using the Virasoro conditions to revise the model of a quark-gluon string fragmentation
• Non-extensive Effects on the QCD Equation of State and Fluctuations of Conserved Charges within Polyakov Quark Meson Model
• Chiral Symmetry Restoration using the Running Coupling Constant from the Light-Front Approach to QCD
• Recent ALICE results on quarkonium production in nuclear collisions
• Flavored aspects of QCD thermodynamics from Lattice QCD
• (Anti)nucleosynthesis in heavy-ion collisions and (anti)nuclei as "baryonmeter" of the collision
• Measurement of the production of (anti)(hyper)nuclei
• Flavour-Dependent Chemical Freeze-Out of Light Nuclei in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Measurement of the $\psi (2S)$ to $J/\psi$ cross-section ratio as a function of centrality in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Production of light nuclei in small collision systems with ALICE
• Chemical freeze-out systematics of thermal model analysis using hadron yield ratios
• Spin alignment of Quarkonia: A Possible Probe of Deconfined QCD matter in Pb+Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Interactions of the deuteron with a hadronic medium