Signatures of the Tricritical Point in QCD

Abstract

Several approaches to QCD with two massless quarks at finite temperature T and baryon chemical potential mu suggest the existence of a tricritical point on the boundary of the phase with spontaneously broken chiral symmetry. In QCD with massive quarks there is then a critical point at the end of a first order transition line. We discuss possible experimental signatures of this point, which provide information about its location and properties. We propose a combination of event-by-event observables, including suppressed fluctuations in T and mu and, simultaneously, enhanced fluctuations in the multiplicity of soft pions.

5 pages (published version)

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• Holographic approach of the spinodal instability to criticality
• Global Properties of Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
• The phase diagram of the Polyakov Nambu Jona-Lasinio approach for finite chemical potentials
• Limitations of the $\Phi$ measure of fluctuations in event-by-event analysis
• Event-by-event fluctuations at SPS
• UrQMD Study of the Effects of Centrality Definitions on Higher Moments of Net Protons at RHIC
• Multiplicity Fluctuations in Proton-Proton and Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
• The Quark Number Susceptibility in Hard-Thermal-Loop Approximation
• Phase transition amplification of proton number fluctuations in nuclear collisions from a transport model approach
• Off-equilibrium non-Gaussian fluctuations near the QCD critical point: an effective field theory perspective
• The imprint of conservation laws on correlated particle production
• Hydrodynamics and critical slowing down
• Probing QCD critical fluctuations from the yield ratio of strange hadrons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Dynamics of critical fluctuations: Theory -- phenomenology -- heavy-ion collisions
• Development of particle multiplicity distributions using a general form of the grand canonical partition function and applications to L3 and H1 Data
• Probing the QCD phase diagram with fluctuations
• Enhanced yield ratio of light nuclei in heavy ion collisions with a first-order QCD phase transition
• Multiplicity Fluctuations in Limited Segments of Momentum Space in Statistical Models
• Femtoscopy with Lévy sources from SPS through RHIC to LHC
• Quark Number Susceptibility with Finite Chemical Potential in Holographic QCD
• Domain Collisions
• Behavior of the charge fluctuation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
• System size dependence of transverse momentum correlations at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 62.4 and 200 GeV at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Estimation of the freeze-out parameters reachable in the AFTER@LHC project
• Modern nuclear and astrophysical constraints of dense matter in a renormalized chiral approach
• Chemical freeze-out curve in heavy-ion collisions and the QCD critical point
• Baryon-Strangeness Correlations in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=7.7-200 GeV from the UrQMD model
• Intermittency analysis of proton numbers in heavy-ion collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Nonmonotonic specific entropy on the transition line near the QCD critical point
• Roles of axial anomaly on neutral quark matter with color superconducting phase
• What QCD Tells Us About Nature -- and Why We Should Listen
• The presence of a critical end point in the QCD phase diagram from the net-baryon number fluctuations
• Nonlinear Realization of Chiral Symmetry on the Lattice
• Approaches to QCD phase diagram; effective models, strong-coupling lattice QCD, and compact stars
• Extracting Event Dynamics from Event-by-Event Analysis
• Autocorrelations from the scale dependence of transverse-momentum fluctuations in Hijing-simulated Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 200 GeV
• Influence of an inhomogeneous and expanding medium on signals of the QCD phase transition
• Introducing the concept of the Widom line in the QCD phase diagram
• How tetraquarks can generate a second chiral phase transition
• Net baryon-number fluctuations in magnetized quark matter
• Finite-volume effects in baryon number fluctuations around the QCD critical endpoint
• Generic features of the phase transition in cold and dense quark matter
• Indications for a critical point in the phase diagram for hot and dense nuclear matter
• Net baryon number fluctuations across the chiral phase transition at finite density in the strong coupling lattice QCD
• Effective dissipation rate in a Liouvillian graph picture of high-temperature quantum hydrodynamics
• Multiplicity Fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Exploring the properties of the phases of QCD matter - research opportunities and priorities for the next decade
• The QCD Phase Diagram from Chiral Approaches
• A model-free procedure to correct for volume fluctuations in E-by-E analyses of particle multiplicities
• Color Superconductivity
• Ising-like dynamical signatures and the end-point of the QCD transition line
• First order phase transition in the quark matter
• Charge Fluctuations along the QCD phase boundary
• Evidence for divergent baryon-number susceptibility in QCD matter
• Hadron resonance gas model with repulsive mean-field interactions: specific heat, isothermal compressibility and speed of sound
• The cumulants of the baryon number from central Au+Au collision at $E_{lab}$= 1.23 GeV$/$nucleon reveal the nuclear mean-field potentials
• Covariance of Antiproton Yield and Source Size in Nuclear Collisions
• Identity Method Revisited
• Higher order conserved charge fluctuations inside the mixed phase
• Femtoscopic correlation measurement with symmetric Lévy-type source at NA61/SHINE
• Deciphering the phases of QCD matter with fluctuations and correlations of conserved charges
• Suppression of thermal vorticity as an indicator of QCD critical point
• New Critical Matrix Models and Generalized Universality
• Charting the scaling region of the Ising universality class in two and three dimensions
• Baryon number diffusion with critical fluctuations
• Higher moments of net-proton multiplicity distributions in a heavy-ion event pile-up scenario
• Transverse-Mass Spectra in Heavy-Ion Collisions at energies E_{lab} = 2--160 GeV/nucleon
• Statistical moments in superposition models and strongly intensive measures
• Polyakov loop effects on the phase diagram in strong-coupling lattice QCD
• Universal relations between nongaussian fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Phenomena at the QCD phase transition in nonequilibrium chiral fluid dynamics (N$\chi$FD)
• The Sounds of the QCD Phase Transition
• On the Energy and Centrality Dependence of Higher Order Moments of Net-Proton Distributions in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Dynamics near QCD critical point by dynamic renormalization group
• Evaluating Results from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider with Perturbative QCD and Hydrodynamics
• Beam-energy dependence of identified two-particle angular correlations in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Event-by-event fluctuations and the QGP phase transition
• Baryon Resonances in a Chiral Hadronic Model for the QCD Equation of State
• Statistical and dynamical parts of the cumulants of conserved charges in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Ising-QCD phenomenology close to the critical point
• Net-charge fluctuation in Au+Au collisions at energies available at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research using the UrQMD model
• Nuclear interactions and net-proton number fluctuations in heavy ion collisions at the SIS18 accelerator
• Shear-induced anomalous transport and charge asymmetry of triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions
• Finite System Size Correction to NLO Scattering in ${\varphi }^4$ Theory
• Momentum scale dependence of the net quark number fluctuations near chiral crossover
• Machine learning phase transitions of the three-dimensional Ising universality class
• Neutral to charged kaon yield fluctuations in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76TeV
• Charge Conservation and Higher Moments of Charge Fluctuations
• Energy Dependence of Light Nuclei ($d$, $t$) Production at STAR
• Correlation functions of net-proton multiplicity distributions in Au + Au collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider from a multiphase transport model
• Critical exponents of the quark-gluon bags model with the critical endpoint
• Temperature and net baryochemical potential dependence of $\eta /s$ in a hybrid approach
• Far-off-equilibrium expansion trajectories in the QCD phase diagram
• QCD Phase Boundary and Critical Point in a Bag Model Calculation
• Possible links between the liquid-gas and deconfinement-hadronization phase transitions
• Critical point signatures in the cluster expansion in fugacities
• Isolating dynamical net-charge fluctuations
• Recent results on event-by-event fluctuations from the RHIC Beam Energy Scan program in the STAR experiment
• Universal scaling of conserved charge in the stochastic diffusion dynamics
• Dispersion and suppression of sound near QCD critical point
• The Equation of State and Quark Number Susceptibility in Hard-Dense-Loop Approximation
• Event by Event fluctuation in K/pi ratio at RHIC
• QCD thermodynamics on the lattice
• Acceptance Dependence of Fluctuation in Particle Multiplicity
• QGP flow fluctuations and the characteristics of higher moments
• QCD phases at high density and instantons
• Model dependence of the number of participant nucleons and observable consequences in heavy-ion collisions
• Effective Model Approach to the Dense State of QCD Matter
• Conserved Charge Fluctuations in a Chiral Hadronic Model including Hadrons and Quarks
• Comparing Erlang distribution and Schwinger mechanism on transverse momentum spectra in high energy collisions
• The balance of attractive and repulsive hadronic interactions: the influence of hadronic spectrum and excluded volume effects on lattice thermodynamics and consequences on experiments
• Collective effects in nuclear collisions: theory overview
• Net-proton number fluctuations in the presence of the QCD critical point
• Finite temperature properties of a modified Polyakov$-$Nambu$-$Jona-Lasinio model
• Effects of centrality fluctuation and deuteron formation on proton number cumulant in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV from JAM model
• Charged-particle multiplicity fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• QCD phase transition and equation of state of stellar strong interaction matter via Dyson-Schwinger equation approach
• Overview of event-by-event analysis of high energy nuclear collisions
• The BEST framework for the search for the QCD critical point and the chiral magnetic effect
• Characteristic momentum of Hydro+ and a bound on the speed of sound near the QCD critical point
• Antisymmetric and other subleading corrections to scaling in the local potential approximation
• Dynamical critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point with hydrodynamic cooling rate
• Correlations between light and heavy flavors near the chiral crossover
• On the effect of secondary protons on baryon and proton number cumulants in event-by-event analysis
• Behavior of universal critical parameters in the QCD phase diagram
• Chiral restoration at finite temperature with meson loop corrections
• Conformal perturbation theory confronts lattice results in the vicinity of a critical point
• Multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Analytic long-lived modes in charged critical plasma
• Overview of intermittency analysis in heavy-ion collisions
• Event-by-event mean p_T fluctuations in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Event-by-event mean p_T fluctuations in pp and Pb-Pb collisions measured by the ALICE experiment at the LHC
• A quasiparticle equation of state with a phenomenological critical point
• Estimation of Stopped Protons at Energies Relevant for a Beam Energy Scan at the BNL Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider
• N-particle irreducible actions for stochastic fluids
• Kaon femtoscopy with Lévy-stable sources from $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=200$ GeV $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at RHIC
• Dilepton production from moaton quasiparticles
• Towards a unified hadron-quark equation of state for neutron stars within the relativistic mean-field model
• Degeneracy patterns of chiral companions at finite temperature
• QCD critical point and event-by-event fluctuations in heavy ion collisions
• Charge Fluctuations in $π^{+}\rp$ and $\rK^{+}\rp$ Collisions at 250 GeV/$c$
• Treating divergence in quark matter by using energy projectors
• Alternative Formulation of the Induced Surface and Curvature Tensions Approach
• Study of dynamical charge fluctuations in the hadronic medium
• Instabilities near the QCD phase transition in the holographic models
• Conserved Charge Fluctuations and Susceptibilities in Strongly Interacting Matter
• Beam energy dependence of the expansion dynamics in relativistic heavy ion collisions: Indications for the critical end point?
• Centrality determination with a forward detector in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• Dynamic aspect of the chiral phase transition in the mode coupling theory
• Many-body forces and nucleon clustering near the QCD critical point
• Measurement of the ratio of the sixth order to the second order cumulant of net-proton multiplicity distributions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Stable Yang-Lee zeros in truncated fugacity series from net-baryon number multiplicity distribution
• Fluctuations near the deconfinement phase transition boundary
• Quantum fluctuation in an inhomogeneous background and its influence on the phase transition in a finite volume system
• The Universal Equation of State near the Critical Point of QCD
• Baryon production and net-proton distributions in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Possible origin of HADES data on proton number fluctuations in Au+Au collisions
• Multiplicity Fluctuations and Correlations in Limited Momentum Space Bins in Relativistic Gases
• Complex singularities around the QCD critical point at finite densities
• Lévy femtoscopy with PHENIX at RHIC
• Density fluctuations and chiral phase transition
• Particle Production at the SPS and the QCD Phase Diagram
• Dynamical spectral structure of density fluctuation near QCD critical point
• Baryon number and strangeness: signals of a deconfined antecedent
• Hydrodynamic description of the baryon-charged quark-gluon plasma
• Experimental results on charge fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Fluctuations and Correlations in STAR
• Chiral Hadronic Mean Field Model including Quark Degrees of Freedom
• Correlations of conserved number mixed susceptibilities in a hadron resonance gas model
• Hydrodynamic results on multiplicity fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Generalized nonlinear Langevin equation from quantum nonlinear projection operator
• Chemical potentials of light hadrons and quarks from yield ratios of negative to positive particles in high energy $pp$ collisions
• A Bose-Einstein Model of Particle Multiplicity Distributions
• Effect of correlations on cumulants in heavy-ion collisions
• Conserved charge fluctuations using the $D$-measure in heavy-ion collisions
• Emergence of soft quark excitations by the coupling with a soft mode of the QCD critical point
• Differential Correlation Measurements with the Identity Method
• QCD phase diagram and charge fluctuations
• RHIC Low-Energy Challenges and Plans
• Beam energy dependence of cumulants of the net-baryon, net-charge and deuteron multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=3.0-5.0$ GeV
• Study on higher moments of net-charge multiplicity distributions using a multiphase transport model
• Ultra fast, event-by-event heavy-ion simulations for next generation experiments
• System size and energy dependence of the mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC
• An Augmented QCD Phase Portrait: Mapping Quark-Hadron Deconfinement for Hot, Dense, Rotating Matter under Magnetic Field
• Non-equilibrium cumulants within model A from crossover to first-order phase transition side
• Quantum baryon number fluctuations in subsystems of a hot and dense relativistic gas of fermions
• Critical exponents and transport properties near the QCD critical endpoint from the statistical bootstrap model
• Nucleon clustering at kinetic freezeout of heavy-ion collisions via path-integral Monte Carlo
• Chemical potentials of light flavor quarks from yield ratios of negative to positive particles in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Susceptibilities from a black hole engineered EoS with a critical point
• Kinetic evolution and correlation of fluctuations in an expanding quark gluon plasma
• The Fluctuations of the Quark Number and of the Chiral Condensate
• Transverse-momentum dependent modification of dynamic texture in central Au+Au collisions at sqrt(S_NN)=200 GeV
• Particle density fluctuations
• Thermal and Nonthermal Pion Enhancements with Chiral Symmetry Restoration
• Constructing probability density function of net-proton multiplicity distributions using Pearson curve method
• Investigations into the characteristics and influences of nonequilibrium evolution
• Efficiency corrections for mutually inclusive variables and particle identification effect for mixed-cumulants in heavy-ion collisions
• Puzzles, Progress, Prospects: pre-Summary for the Quark Matter 2009 Conference
• The effect of single-particle space-momentum angle distribution on two-pion HBT correlation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions by using a multiphase transport model
• Fast Heating Dissociation of Upsilon(1S) in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC
• Levy HBT results at NA61/SHINE
• Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau Equation in the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio Model
• Ratios of Fluctuation Observables in the Search for the QCD Critical Point
• Low mu and imaginary mu signals of a critical point in the phase diagram of an exactly soluble chiral symmetry breaking theory
• On the order of the deconfining transition in N_f=2 QCD
• Density Functional Equation of State and Its Application to the Phenomenology of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Chiral symmetry breaking and pion condensation in the early universe
• Toward a foundation model for heavy-ion collision experiments based on point-cloud diffusion
• The vacuum tunnelling and the crossover of deconfinement in Friedberg-Lee model
• Can charm fluctuation be a better probe to study QCD critical point?
• Multiplicity Distributions and Charged-neutral Fluctuations
• Baryon-Strangeness Correlations from Hadron/String- and Quark-Dynamics
• Examination of background effects on light-nuclei yield ratio in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• The order of the chiral transition in N_f=2 QCD
• Chemical Freeze-out Parameters via a Non-perturbative QCD Approach
• Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and the QCD Matter Phase Diagram
• Photon Multiplicity Measurements : From SPS to RHIC and LHC
• Behavior and finite-size effects of the sixth order cumulant in the three-dimensional Ising universality class
• Quantum fluctuations of baryon number density
• Generalized susceptibilities along the phase boundary of the three-dimensional, three-state Potts model
• Relativistic diffusion and heavy-ion collisions
• Signals of the QCD Critical Point in Hydrodynamic Evolutions
• Statistical Ensembles With Finite Bath: A Description for an Event Generator
• Correlations and fluctuations studied with ALICE
• Characterization of relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider through temperature fluctuations
• Lévy analysis of HBT correlation functions in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 62 GeV and 39 GeV Au+Au collisions at PHENIX
• Baseline study for net-proton number fluctuations at top energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider with the Angantyr model
• Chiral Phase Transition in an Expanding Quark System
• The fate of nonlinear perturbations near the QCD critical point
• Cumulants and factorial cumulants in the 3-dimensional Ising universality class
• Off-of-equilibrium effects on Kurtosis Along Strangeness-Neutral Trajectories
• Cumulants of conserved charges in hydrodynamic simulations
• The effects of the QCD critical point on the spectra and flow coefficients of hadrons
• Thermal fluctuations on the freeze-out surface of heavy-ion collisions and their impact on particle correlations
• Fluctuations in heavy ion collisions and global conservation effects
• Study of strange quark density fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV from AMPT Model
• Pion screening mass at finite chemical potential
• Exploring percolation phase transition in the three-dimensional Ising model with machine learning
• Femtoscopy analysis in small systems at NA61/SHINE
• Femtoscopy at NA61/SHINE using symmetric Lévy sources in central ${}^{40}$Ar+${}^{45}$Sc from 40$A$ GeV/$c$ to 150$A$ GeV/$c$
• Covariant formulation of spinodal decomposition in rapidly expanding quark gluon plasma
• Quantum computing of chirality imbalance in SU(2) gauge theory
• Density Fluctuations as Signature of a Non--Equilibrium First Order Phase Transition
• The curvature of the pseudo-critical line in the QCD phase diagram from mesonic lattice correlation functions
• Enhancement of photon emission rate near QCD critical point
• Soft-hard factorization of heavy-quark transport in QCD matter at finite chemical potential
• Constraining the hadronic spectrum and repulsive interactions in a hadron resonance gas via fluctuations of conserved charges
• New dynamic critical phenomena in nuclear and quark superfluids
• Statistical Fluctuations and Correlations in Hadronic Equilibrium Systems
• Non-equilibrium fluctuations at the QCD phase transition
• Interferometry search for new forms of matter in A+A collisions
• QCD phase diagram and locating critical point using RHIC low energy scan data
• Latent heat in the chiral phase transition
• Efficient calculation of thermodynamic properties of baryon-rich QCD matter from heavy-ion transport models
• How large is "large $N_c$" for Nuclear matter?
• Some Considerations concerning the Fluctuation of the Ratios of two Observables
• Fluctuations in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Identifying weak critical fluctuations of intermittency in heavy-ion collisions with topological machine learning
• Ks, Lambda and Xi production at intermediate to high pT from Au+Au collisions at \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 39, 11.5 and 7.7 GeV
• The characterizing variable for critical point in momentum space
• Generalized susceptibilities of net-baryon number based on the 3-dimensional Ising universality class
• Hawking--Unruh Radiation from the relics of the cosmic quark hadron phase transition
• Hadron Production in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Superdense Matter
• High-density QCD: the effects of strangeness
• Study of net-baryon higher moments in PNJL model and their expectation for net-proton using the Subensemble Acceptance Method for the search of QCD critical point
• Formation and Collapse of False Vacuum Bubbles in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Exploring QCD Matter at High Baryon Density
• A test of first order scaling in Nf=2 QCD
• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
• Isospin and isospin/strangeness correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• On the nature of the QCD chiral phase transition with imaginary chemical potential
• Vorticity-induced modifications of chemical freeze-out in heavy-ion collisions
• QCD at Finite Density and Color Superconductivity
• How to locate the QCD phase boundary by scanning observable in the phase plane
• The equation of state for two flavor QCD at finite density
• Elastic parton scattering and non-statistical event-by-event mean-pt fluctuations in Au + Au collisions at RHIC
• Fixed point behavior of cumulants in the three-dimensional Ising universality class
• Calculation of Power Spectrum in the Little Bangs
• Finite-size behaviour of generalized susceptibilities in the whole phase plane of the Potts model
• Conserved Charge Susceptibilities in a Chemically Frozen Hadronic Gas
• The single-particle space-momentum angle distribution effect on two-pion HBT correlation with the Coulomb interaction
• Non-extensive Effects on the QCD Equation of State and Fluctuations of Conserved Charges within Polyakov Quark Meson Model
• Cumulants in the 3-dimensional Ising, O(2) and O(4) spin models
• Investigation of the Spectator Effect on Light Nuclei Production in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at High Baryon Density Region
• Critical Exponents and Particle Multiplicity Distributions in High Energy Collisions
• Variational quantum simulation of the quantum critical regime
• Photon measurements in forward rapidity in heavy-ion collisions
• Phase Fluctuations near the Chiral Critical Point
• Highlights from Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC and the Acoustics of the Little Bangs
• Constraining the Phase-Transition EoS using the Energy Dependence of Directed Flow
• A study of meson condensation and of the QCD critical line
• Expanding the thermodynamical potential and the analysis of the possible phase diagram of deconfinement in FL model
• High-order fluctuations of temperature in hot QCD matter
• Phase transitions in quark matter and behaviour of physical observables in the vicinity of the critical end point
• Particle spectra in the integrated hydrokinetic model at RHIC Beam-Energy-Scan energies
• Charge and Isospin Fluctuations in High Energy pp-Collisions
• Impact of spin polarization on transport and thermodynamic coefficients
• Summary of the Workshop ``the QCD Phase Transitions'' Brookhaven National Laboratory, November 4-7 1998
• The phases of QCD reached in terrestrial and cosmic colliders
• Imprints of clustering in multiplicity fluctuations
• Chiral, parity-doublet, effective-Lagrangian mean-field theories for nuclear and astrophysical phenomenology
• Dynamic nature at the QCD Critical End Point
• Centrality Dependence of Multiplicity Fluctuations in Ion-Ion Collisions from the Beam Energy Scan at FAIR