A machine learning study to identify spinodal clumping in high energy nuclear collisions

Abstract

The coordinate and momentum space configurations of the net baryon number in heavy ion collisions that undergo spinodal decomposition, due to a first-order phase transition, are investigated using state-of-the-art machine-learning methods. Coordinate space clumping, which appears in the spinodal decomposition, leaves strong characteristic imprints on the spatial net density distribution in nearly every event which can be detected by modern machine learning techniques. On the other hand, the corresponding features in the momentum distributions cannot clearly be detected, by the same machine learning methods, in individual events. Only a small subset of events can be systematically differentiated if only the momentum space information is available. This is due to the strong similarity of the two event classes, with and without spinodal decomposition. In such scenarios, conventional event-averaged observables like the baryon number cumulants signal a spinodal non-equilibrium phase transition. Indeed the third-order cumulant, the skewness, does exhibit a peak at the beam energy (${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=3-4$ A GeV), where the transient hot and dense system created in the heavy ion collision reaches the first-order phase transition.

24 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication by JHEP

References in corpus (6)

• The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics
• Color superconductivity in dense quark matter
• The QCD equation of state with dynamical quarks
• Density fluctuations in the presence of spinodal instabilities
• Equation of state dependence of directed flow in a microscopic transport model
• Particlization with local event-by-event conservation laws

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