The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics

Abstract

We determine the nature of the QCD transition using lattice calculations for physical quark masses. Susceptibilities are extrapolated to vanishing lattice spacing for three physical volumes, the smallest and largest of which differ by a factor of five. This ensures that a true transition should result in a dramatic increase of the susceptibilities.No such behaviour is observed: our finite-size scaling analysis shows that the finite-temperature QCD transition in the hot early Universe was not a real phase transition, but an analytic crossover (involving a rapid change, as opposed to a jump, as the temperature varied). As such, it will be difficult to find experimental evidence of this transition from astronomical observations.

7 pages, 4 figures

References in corpus (1)

• Observations on staggered fermions at non-zero lattice spacing

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• Deconfinement Phase Transition under Chemical Equilibrium
• Density Functional Equation of State and Its Application to the Phenomenology of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Net-proton number cumulant ratios as function of beam energy from an expanding nonequilibrium chiral fluid
• $U_A(1)$ symmetry breaking quark interactions from vacuum polarization
• Examination of background effects on light-nuclei yield ratio in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Toward a foundation model for heavy-ion collision experiments based on point-cloud diffusion
• A holographic study on QCD phase transition and neutron star properties
• A note on the string spectrum at the Hagedorn temperature
• Topological observables and $\theta$ dependence in high temperature QCD from lattice simulations
• Recent Result in QCD Thermodynamics from the Lattice
• Can charm fluctuation be a better probe to study QCD critical point?
• Efficiency corrections for mutually inclusive variables and particle identification effect for mixed-cumulants in heavy-ion collisions
• Quark models: What can they teach us?
• Thermal evolution of dark matter and gravitational-wave production in the early universe from a symplectic glueball model
• Lattice QCD at Non-Zero Temperature
• Properties of spin-1/2 heavy baryons at nonzero temperature
• Evidence of Coulomb liquid phase in few-electron droplets
• Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions: A Status Report
• Investigations into the characteristics and influences of nonequilibrium evolution
• Probing fluctuations and correlations of strangeness by net-kaon cumulants in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV
• $U_A(1)$ symmetry restoration at high baryon density
• Quantifying the sensitivity of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis to isospin breaking with input from lattice QCD
• Chemical Freeze-out Parameters via a Non-perturbative QCD Approach
• Running Couplings in High-Temperature Effective Field Theory
• Quark matter with an anisotropic momentum distribution
• Exploring percolation phase transition in the three-dimensional Ising model with machine learning
• Dynamical and finite-size effects on the criterion of first-order phase transition
• The Role of Integration Cycles in Complex Langevin Simulations
• Pion screening mass at finite chemical potential
• Challenges in locating the QCD critical point via constant entropy density contours
• Measurement of the transverse energy density in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV with the sPHENIX detector
• String-based model with Hagedorn temperature of $T_H\sim 300$MeV describes the spectrum of mesons and glueballs
• Neural network expansion of Euclidean path integrals and its application to interacting scalar fields
• Understanding the approach to thermalization from the eigenspectrum of non-Abelian gauge theories
• Speed of sound peak in two-color dense QCD: confronting effective models with lattice data
• Astrophysical constraints on the cold equation of state of the strongly interacting matter
• Toward a holographic realization of the 2+1-flavor QCD phase structure
• Neutron Star Mergers and the Quark Matter Equation of State
• Beam Energy Dependence of Fifth and Sixth-Order Net-proton Number Fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• The effects of the QCD critical point on the spectra and flow coefficients of hadrons
• Coexisting Néel and charge density wave orders in attractive three-color fermions
• Constraining the hadronic spectrum and repulsive interactions in a hadron resonance gas via fluctuations of conserved charges
• Progress in Lattice QCD at finite temperature
• Influence of modified light-flavor hadron spectra on particle yields in the statistical hadronization model
• Freeze-out and thermalization in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• The Effects of the Tsallis Entropy in the Proton Internal Pressure
• Light meson gas in the QCD vacuum and oscillating Universe
• Strangeness at finite temperature from Lattice QCD
• Chiral phase transition of (2 + 1)-flavor QCD on $N_{\tau }=6$ lattices
• Generalized susceptibilities along the phase boundary of the three-dimensional, three-state Potts model
• NLO Dispersion Laws for Slow-Moving Quarks in HTL QCD
• RHIC physics overview
• Corrections to the hadron resonance gas from lattice QCD and their effect on fluctuation-ratios at finite density
• Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions: Viscous Hydrodynamic Simulations and Final State Interactions
• Dynamics of the conserved net-baryon density near QCD critical point within inhomogeneous quark-gluon plasma profile
• Covariant formulation of spinodal decomposition in rapidly expanding quark gluon plasma
• Constraints on hadron resonance gas interactions via first-principles Lattice QCD susceptibilities
• Split of the pseudo-critical temperatures of chiral and confine/deconfine transitions by temperature gradient
• Predictions of baryon directed flow in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density
• Study of net-baryon higher moments in PNJL model and their expectation for net-proton using the Subensemble Acceptance Method for the search of QCD critical point
• ${\Omega }^{-}$ production as a probe of equation of state of dense matter near the QCD phase transition in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Fluctuations in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Multiplicity fluctuations at the quark-hadron phase transition from a fluid dynamical model
• Study of neutron density fluctuation and neutron-proton correlation in Au+Au collisions using PYTHIA8/Angantyr
• Fragmentation of the fireball and how to observe it
• Measurement of correlations among net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• High density effective theory on the lattice
• Generalized susceptibilities of net-baryon number based on the 3-dimensional Ising universality class
• Hadronic matter at the edge: A survey of some theoretical approaches to the physics of the QCD phase diagram
• From Cosmic Matter to the Laboratory
• Identifying weak critical fluctuations of intermittency in heavy-ion collisions with topological machine learning
• Effect of non-uniform efficiency on higher-order cumulants in heavy-ion collisions
• Proton number fluctuations in partial chemical equilibrium
• Charmonium dissociation at high baryon chemical potential
• Hadron yields in central nucleus-nucleus collisions, the statistical hadronization model and the QCD phase diagram
• Cumulants of the chiral order parameter at lower RHIC energies
• Resummed lattice QCD equation of state at finite baryon density: strangeness neutrality and beyond
• Unified Functional-Holographic Theory of the QCD Critical End Point
• Effects of Initial Density Fluctuations on Cumulants in Au + Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7 GeV
• Production of thermal photons in viscous fluid dynamics with temperature-dependent shear viscosity
• Inhomogeneous phase of a Gluon Plasma at finite temperature and density
• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
• Thermodynamics with Möbius domain wall fermions near physical point II
• Heavy ion collisions: puzzles and hopes
• Susceptibilities of rotating quark matter in Fourier-Bessel basis
• Particle spectra in the integrated hydrokinetic model at RHIC Beam-Energy-Scan energies
• Dense matter in a holographic hard-wall model of QCD
• Preparing the Gutzwiller wave function for attractive SU(3) fermions on a quantum computer
• Curvature of the phase transition line in the mu-T plane
• QCD Vacuum Energy and Its Implication for Quark Nugget Stability
• The Magnetic Field Effect on Thermodynamics of Hot QCD Matter using Extensive and non-Extensive Statistics
• Signatures of deconfined quark phases in binary neutron star mergers
• Finite temperature QCD crossover at non-zero chemical potential: A Dyson-Schwinger approach
• Anisotropic flows of charmonium in the relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Measurement of the multiplicity dependence of $\mitΥ$ production ratios in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Flavored aspects of QCD thermodynamics from Lattice QCD
• Predictions on observing hot holographic quark star with gravitational waves
• Relaxation times for disoriented isospin condensates in high energy heavy ion collisions
• Lattice QCD at nonzero temperature and density
• Dynamical fermions in lattice quantum chromodynamics
• Applicability of Hydrodynamics in Hadronic Phase of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Microscopic Encoding of Macroscopic Universality in QCD Chiral Phase Transition
• Extracting the strangeness freeze-out temperature from net-Kaon data at RHIC
• Trion ordering in the attractive three-color Hubbard model on a $\pi$-flux square lattice
• Kinetics of the chiral phase transition in a quark-meson $\sigma$ model
• Finite-size behavior of higher-order cumulant ratios near criticality in two-dimensional Potts models
• From pQCD to neutron stars: matching equations of state to constrain global star properties
• Equation of State and Energy Loss of Hot and Dense Quark-Gluon matter from Holographic Black Holes
• QCD Critical Point and Net-Proton Number Fluctuations at RHIC-STAR
• Flavour-Dependent Chemical Freeze-Out of Light Nuclei in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Lattice study of the critical bubble in $\mathrm{SU}(8)$ deconfinement transition
• Isentropic thermodynamics across the hadron-quark mixed phase in a two-phase model with a PNJL quark description
• Fixed point behavior of cumulants in the three-dimensional Ising universality class
• On the nature of the QCD chiral phase transition with imaginary chemical potential
• Double ratio of charmonia in p+Pb collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=5.02 TeV
• Nonperturbative signatures of fractons in the twisted multiflavor Schwinger Model
• Approaching the Continuum Limit of the Deconfinement Critical Point for $N_{\text{f}}=2$ Staggered Fermions
• QCD finite T transition -- Comparison between Wilson and staggered results
• Chiral, parity-doublet, effective-Lagrangian mean-field theories for nuclear and astrophysical phenomenology
• Background field and time dependence effects in holographic models
• Phase transitions at high and low densities for a rotating QCD matter from holography
• Effect of charged particle's multiplicity fluctuations on flow harmonics in even-by-event hydrodynamics
• The phases of QCD reached in terrestrial and cosmic colliders