Quantum thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes in lattice gauge theories

Abstract

A key objective in nuclear and high-energy physics is to describe nonequilibrium dynamics of matter, e.g., in the early universe and in particle colliders, starting from the Standard Model. Classical-computing methods, via the framework of lattice gauge theory, have experienced limited success in this mission. Quantum simulation of lattice gauge theories holds promise for overcoming computational limitations. Because of local constraints (Gauss's laws), lattice gauge theories have an intricate Hilbert-space structure. This structure complicates the definition of thermodynamic properties of systems coupled to reservoirs during equilibrium and nonequilibrium processes. We show how to define thermodynamic quantities such as work and heat using strong-coupling thermodynamics, a framework that has recently burgeoned within the field of quantum thermodynamics. Our definitions suit instantaneous quenches, simple nonequilibrium processes undertaken in quantum simulators. To illustrate our framework, we compute the work and heat exchanged during a quench in a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ lattice gauge theory coupled to matter in 1+1 dimensions. The thermodynamic quantities, as functions of the quench parameter, evidence a phase transition. For general thermal states, we derive a simple relation between a quantum many-body system's entanglement Hamiltonian, measurable with quantum-information-processing tools, and the Hamiltonian of mean force, used to define strong-coupling thermodynamic quantities.

arXiv commentClose to published version. 11 pages, 6 figures (total)

References in corpus (100)

• Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons
• Probing many-body dynamics on a 51-atom quantum simulator
• From Quantum Chaos and Eigenstate Thermalization to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics
• The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics
• Entanglement Spectrum as a Generalization of Entanglement Entropy: Identification of Topological Order in Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall Effect States
• String-net condensation: A physical mechanism for topological phases
• Computational complexity and fundamental limitations to fermionic quantum Monte Carlo simulations
• Quantum many-body systems out of equilibrium
• Predicting Many Properties of a Quantum System from Very Few Measurements
• The chiral and deconfinement aspects of the QCD transition
• Quantum thermalization through entanglement in an isolated many-body system
• Observation of a Many-Body Dynamical Phase Transition with a 53-Qubit Quantum Simulator
• Quantum Phases of Matter on a 256-Atom Programmable Quantum Simulator
• Quantum Thermodynamics
• The role of quantum information in thermodynamics --- a topical review
• The QCD transition temperature: results with physical masses in the continuum limit
• Is there still any Tc mystery in lattice QCD? Results with physical masses in the continuum limit III
• Real-time dynamics of lattice gauge theories with a few-qubit quantum computer
• Dynamical quantum phase transitions: a review
• The QCD transition temperature: results with physical masses in the continuum limit II.
• Quantum Simulators: Architectures and Opportunities
• Quantum advantage in learning from experiments
• Dissipation: The phase-space perspective
• Simulating Lattice Gauge Theories within Quantum Technologies
• Quantum-Classical Computation of Schwinger Model Dynamics using Quantum Computers
• The QCD phase transition with physical-mass, chiral quarks
• Floquet approach to ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ lattice gauge theories with ultracold atoms in optical lattices
• The randomized measurement toolbox
• Atomic Quantum Simulation of Dynamical Gauge Fields coupled to Fermionic Matter: From String Breaking to Evolution after a Quench
• Remarks on entanglement entropy for gauge fields
• Quantum Simulation for High Energy Physics
• Observation of gauge invariance in a 71-site Bose-Hubbard quantum simulator
• Lattice gauge theories and string dynamics in Rydberg atom quantum simulators
• SU(2) non-Abelian gauge field theory in one dimension on digital quantum computers
• Decomposition of entanglement entropy in lattice gauge theory
• Quantum quench dynamics
• Simulations of non-Abelian gauge theories with optical lattices
• QCD thermalization: Ab initio approaches and interdisciplinary connections
• Entanglement entropy in gauge theories and the holographic principle for electric strings
• First and Second Law of Thermodynamics at strong coupling
• A Trailhead for Quantum Simulation of SU(3) Yang-Mills Lattice Gauge Theory in the Local Multiplet Basis
• Thermalization dynamics of a gauge theory on a quantum simulator
• Quantum Computing for High-Energy Physics: State of the Art and Challenges. Summary of the QC4HEP Working Group
• Nonequilibrium thermodynamics in the strong coupling and non-Markovian regime based on a reaction coordinate mapping
• Lattice QCD and heavy ion collisions: a review of recent progress
• {\it Colloquium:} Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics at Strong Coupling: Quantum and Classical
• Geometry of quantum phase transitions
• Review on novel methods for lattice gauge theories
• Standard Model Physics and the Digital Quantum Revolution: Thoughts about the Interface
• Statistical correlations between locally randomized measurements: a toolbox for probing entanglement in many-body quantum states
• Confinement and lattice QED electric flux-tubes simulated with ultracold atoms
• Quantum simulation of a lattice Schwinger model in a chain of trapped ions
• Observation of Domain Wall Confinement and Dynamics in a Quantum Simulator
• Aspects of Entanglement Entropy for Gauge Theories
• Finite-density lattice QCD and sign problem: current status and open problems
• Simulating 2+1d Lattice QED with dynamical matter using ultracold atoms
• Approaches to the sign problem in lattice field theory
• Perturbative Thermal QCD: Formalism and Applications
• Quantum Simulating Nature's Fundamental Fields
• Digital Quantum Simulation of the Schwinger Model and Symmetry Protection with Trapped Ions
• Quantum Simulation and Spectroscopy of Entanglement Hamiltonians
• Strong Coupling Thermodynamics of Open Quantum Systems
• Strong coupling corrections in quantum thermodynamics
• Quantum thermodynamics of general quantum processes
• Non-Markovianity and negative entropy production rates
• Topological order and equilibrium in a condensate of exciton-polaritons
• Measurement Protocol for the Entanglement Spectrum of Cold Atoms
• Quantum simulation of non-equilibrium dynamics and thermalization in the Schwinger model
• Exploring Large-Scale Entanglement in Quantum Simulation
• Solving Gauss's Law on Digital Quantum Computers with Loop-String-Hadron Digitization
• Oracles for Gauss's law on digital quantum computers
• Tensor lattice field theory with applications to the renormalization group and quantum computing
• Real-time chiral dynamics from a digital quantum simulation
• The entanglement of distillation for gauge theories
• Work and Quantum Phase Transitions: Is there Quantum Latency?
• The Present and Future of QCD
• Scattering of mesons in quantum simulators
• Entanglement Hamiltonians: from field theory, to lattice models and experiments
• Work statistics across a quantum phase transition
• Real-time-dynamics quantum simulation of (1+1)-D lattice QED with Rydberg atoms
• Tuning the Topological $\theta$-Angle in Cold-Atom Quantum Simulators of Gauge Theories
• Toward Quantum Computing Phase Diagrams of Gauge Theories with Thermal Pure Quantum States
• Thermodynamics and Fluctuation Theorems for a Strongly Coupled Open Quantum System: An Exactly Solvable Case
• High-Energy Collision of Quarks and Mesons in the Schwinger Model: From Tensor Networks to Circuit QED
• Universalities of thermodynamic signatures in topological phases
• Confinement and Mott transitions of dynamical charges in 1D lattice gauge theories
• On the complexity of quantum partition functions
• Probing the excited-state quantum phase transition through statistics of Loschmidt echo and quantum work
• Thermodynamics of Quantum Causal Models: An Inclusive, Hamiltonian Approach
• Work-distribution quantumness and irreversibility when crossing a quantum phase transition in finite time
• Work statistics and symmetry breaking in an excited state quantum phase transition
• Thermodynamic signatures for topological phase transitions to Majorana and Weyl superfluids in ultracold Fermi gases
• Simpler (classical) and faster (quantum) algorithms for Gibbs partition functions
• Quantum Thermodynamics in the Refined Weak Coupling Limit
• Confinement in 1+1D ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ Lattice Gauge Theories at Finite Temperature
• Duality transformations and the entanglement entropy of gauge theories
• Entropy of the quantum work distribution
• Randomized measurement protocols for lattice gauge theories
• Chaos and thermalization in small quantum systems
• Excited stated quantum phase transitions and the entropy of the work distribution in the anharmonic Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model

Cited by in corpus (8)

• Quantum Computing Universal Thermalization Dynamics in a (2+1)D Lattice Gauge Theory
• Quantum Computing for Energy Correlators
• The phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics in one dimension on a quantum computer
• Emergent Hydrodynamic Mode on SU(2) Plaquette Chains and Quantum Simulation
• String-Breaking Dynamics in Quantum Adiabatic and Diabatic Processes
• Casimir effect in critical $\mathrm{O}(N)$ models from non-equilibrium Monte Carlo simulations
• Realization of Two-dimensional Discrete Time Crystals with Anisotropic Heisenberg Coupling
• Work and heat exchanged during sudden quenches of strongly coupled quantum systems