Hydrodynamic Approaches in Relativistic Heavy Ion Reactions

Abstract

We review several facets of the hydrodynamic description of the relativistic heavy ion collisions, starting from the historical motivation to the present understandings of the observed collective aspects of experimental data, especially those of the most recent RHIC and LHC results. In this report, we particularly focus on the conceptual questions and the physical foundations of the validity of the hydrodynamic approach itself. We also discuss recent efforts to clarify some of the points in this direction, such as the various forms of derivations of relativistic hydrodynamics together with the limitations intrinsic to the traditional approaches, variational approaches, known analytic solutions for special cases, and several new theoretical developments. Throughout this review, we stress the role of course-graining procedure in the hydrodynamic description and discuss its relation to the physical observables through the analysis of a hydrodynamic mapping of a microscopic transport model. Several questions to be answered to clarify the physics of collective phenomena in the relativistic heavy ion collisions are pointed out.

73 pages, 15 figures. Improved text and a few references added. Accepted for publication in Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

References in corpus (49)

• PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual
• Viscosity in Strongly Interacting Quantum Field Theories from Black Hole Physics
• The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics
• Glauber Modeling in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
• Nonlinear Fluid Dynamics from Gravity
• Relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, conformal invariance, and holography
• Observation of long-range near-side angular correlations in proton-lead collisions at the LHC
• Dissipative Dynamics of Highly Anisotropic Systems
• Hydrodynamic Models for Heavy Ion Collisions
• Bulk viscosity of gauge theory plasma at strong coupling
• Dissipative relativistic fluid dynamics: a new way to derive the equations of motion from kinetic theory
• Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions
• Elliptic flow in the Gaussian model of eccentricity fluctuations
• Constraining the Eq. of State of Super-Hadronic Matter from Heavy-Ion Collisions
• From Kadanoff-Baym dynamics to off-shell parton transport
• Universal hydrodynamics of non-conformal branes
• Therminator: Thermal heavy-Ion generator
• Lattice QCD at the physical point: light quark masses
• A new exact solution of the relativistic Boltzmann equation and its hydrodynamic limit
• Anisotropic Hydrodynamics: Three lectures
• Resolving the HBT Puzzle in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collision
• Local thermodynamical equilibrium and the beta frame for a quantum relativistic fluid
• Dynamical quasiparticles properties and effective interactions in the sQGP
• Long-range two-particle correlations of strange hadrons with charged particles in pPb and PbPb collisions at LHC energies
• $v_4$, $v_5$, $v_6$, $v_7$: nonlinear hydrodynamic response versus LHC data
• QCD thermodynamics and confinement from a dynamical quasiparticle point of view
• Measurement of flow harmonics with multi-particle cumulants in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Equilibrium Statistical-Thermal Models in High-Energy Physics
• Principal component analysis of event-by-event fluctuations
• A New Family of Simple Solutions of Perfect Fluid Hydrodynamics
• Freeze-out radii extracted from three-pion cumulants in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Universal Flow-Driven Conical Emission in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Fast Equilibration of Hadrons in an Expanding Fireball
• Chemical freeze-out temperature in hydrodynamical description of Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• An elementary stringy estimate of transport coefficients of large temperature QCD
• Forward-backward correlations and charged-particle azimuthal distributions in pp interactions using the ATLAS detector
• Femtoscopy correlations of kaons in $Pb+Pb$ collisions at LHC within hydrokinetic model
• Exact solutions of relativistic perfect fluid hydrodynamics for a QCD equation of state
• Shear viscosity coefficient and relaxation time of causal dissipative hydrodynamics in QCD
• Searches for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependent fluctuations of flow angle and magnitude in Pb--Pb and p--Pb collisions
• Signatures of collective behavior in small systems
• Physics of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy
• Universal scaling of the elliptic flow at RHIC
• On the nature of the so-called generic instabilities in dissipative relativistic hydrodynamics
• Early evolution of transversally thermalized partons
• Measurement of inclusive two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
• Noether Theorem of Relativistic-Electromagnetic Ideal Hydrodynamics
• Similar final states from different initial states using new exact solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics
• Relativistic Shock Waves and Mach Cones in Viscous Gluon Matter

Cited by in corpus (111)

• Multi-system Bayesian constraints on the transport coefficients of QCD matter
• Dense Nuclear Matter Equation of State from Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Effective kinetic description of event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in high-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory
• Multiplicity dependence of light-flavor hadron production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV
• Phenomenological Review on Quark-Gluon Plasma: Concepts vs. Observations
• Estimating initial state and quark-gluon plasma medium properties using a hybrid model with nucleon substructure calibrated to $p$-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• The ideal relativistic fluid limit for a medium with polarization
• Relativistic hydrodynamics in heavy-ion collisions: general aspects and recent developments
• Multiplicity dependence of $\pi$, K, and p production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Effects of bulk viscosity and hadronic rescattering in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC
• Moving forward to constrain the shear viscosity of QCD matter
• Chemical Equilibration in Hadronic Collisions
• Linear response theory of relativistic hydrodynamics with spin
• General equilibrium second-order hydrodynamic coefficients for free quantum fields
• Sensitivity of flow harmonics to sub-nucleon scale fluctuations in heavy ion collisions
• Importance of initial and final state effects for azimuthal correlations in p+Pb collisions
• Particle Production via Strings and Baryon Stopping within a Hadronic Transport Approach
• Sound waves and vortices in a polarized relativistic fluid
• Future Physics Perspectives on the Equation of State from Heavy Ion Collisions to Neutron Stars
• Cumulants and nonlinear response of high $p_T$ harmonic flow at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV
• Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence
• Hydrodynamic attractor and the fate of perturbative expansions in Gubser flow
• Causality violations in realistic simulations of heavy-ion collisions
• Holographic spin liquids and Lovelock Chern-Simons gravity
• Hydrodynamization and non-equilibrium Green's functions in kinetic theory
• Rapidity dependence in holographic heavy ion collisions
• Causality of fluid dynamics for high-energy nuclear collisions
• Temperature and fluid velocity on the freeze-out surface from $\pi$, $K$, $p$ spectra in pp, p--Pb and Pb--Pb collisions
• Modeling the diffusive dynamics of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point
• Linear stability of Israel-Stewart theory in the presence of net-charge diffusion
• Fast resonance decays in nuclear collisions
• Fluctuating relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics as a gauge theory
• Effects of $\rho$-meson width on pion distributions in heavy-ion collisions
• Study of the sensitivity of observables to hot spot size in heavy ion collisions
• Towards QCD-assisted hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collision phenomenology
• A Lagrangian formulation of relativistic Israel-Stewart hydrodynamics
• Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Relativistic Fluid Turbulence
• Entropy production in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Early-times Yang-Mills dynamics and the characterization of strongly interacting matter with statistical learning
• Jet-medium interaction and conformal relativistic fluid dynamics
• Origins of collectivity in small systems
• Third-order relativistic hydrodynamics: dispersion relations and transport coefficients of a dual plasma
• Initial energy density of $\sqrt{s}=$ 7 and 8 TeV p+p collisions at the LHC
• Novel self-similar rotating solutions of non-ideal transverse magnetohydrodynamics
• Collective expansion in pp collisions using the Tsallis statistics
• Probing the spacetime evolution of heavy ion collisions with photons and dileptons
• Fluctuating Relativistic hydrodynamics from Crooks theorem
• Directed flow in relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic expansion for symmetric and asymmetric collision systems
• Monte Carlo Glauber wounded nucleon model with meson cloud
• New exact solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics for longitudinally expanding fireballs
• On Extended Thermodynamics: From Classical to the Relativistic Regime
• Monte Carlo Glauber model with meson cloud: predictions for 5.44 TeV Xe+Xe collisions
• Applications of emulation and Bayesian methods in heavy-ion physics
• Traces of non-equilibrium dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Hadron rapidity spectra within a hybrid model
• Relativistic second-order viscous hydrodynamics from kinetic theory with extended relaxation-time approximation
• Anisotropy of Low Energy Direct Photons in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Beyond the thermal model in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Uncertainty Relations in Hydrodynamics
• A correlated-cluster model and the ridge phenomenon in hadron-hadron collisions
• Squeezed back-to-back correlation of $\bqD^0{\bar \bqD}^0$ in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Hydrodynamic approach to the centrality dependence of di-hadron correlations
• Lifetime estimations from RHIC Au+Au data
• Transport coefficients in AdS/CFT and quantum gravity corrections due to a functional measure
• Two-particle correlations at high-energy nuclear collisions, peripheral-tube model revisited
• A new relativistic hydrodynamics code for high-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Observables and initial conditions for rotating and expanding fireballs with spheroidal symmetry
• On the peripheral-tube description of the two-particle correlations in nuclear collisions
• Branch-cut in the shear-stress response function of massless $\lambda {\phi }^4$ with Boltzmann statistics
• Entropy per rapidity in Pb-Pb central collisions using Thermal and Artificial neural network(ANN) models at LHC energies
• Medium effects for hadron-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions
• Charged pions tagged with polarized photons probing strong CP violation in a chiral-imbalance medium
• The Trajectory of the Cosmic Plasma Through the Quark Matter Phase Diagram
• Collective nuclear vibrations and initial state shape fluctuations in central Pb+Pb collisions: resolving the $v_2$ to $v_3$ puzzle
• Multi-particle correlations, cumulants, and moments sensitive to fluctuations in rare-probe azimuthal anisotropy in heavy ion collisions
• Analytical insights into the interplay of momentum, multiplicity and the speed of sound in heavy-ion collisions
• General relativistic non-ideal fluid equations for dark matter from a truncated cumulant expansion
• Utilizing maximum likelihood estimator for flow analysis
• Simple solutions of fireball hydrodynamics for rotating and expanding triaxial ellipsoids and final state observables
• Transport coefficients of transient hydrodynamics for the hadron-resonance gas and thermal-mass quasiparticle models
• Computational budget optimization for Bayesian parameter estimation in heavy ion collisions
• Analytic approaches to relativistic hydrodynamics
• Variational formulation of compressible hydrodynamics in curved spacetime and symmetry of stress tensor
• Effective viscosities in a hydrodynamically expanding boost-invariant QCD plasma
• Influence of collective nuclear vibrations on initial state eccentricities in Pb+Pb collisions
• Analyzing the Correlation Between Thermal and Kinematic Parameters in Various Multiplicity Classes within 7 and 13 TeV pp Collisions
• On statistical fluctuations in collective flows
• A derivation of the entropy-based relativistic smoothed particle hydrodynamics by variational principle
• Quantum canonical ensemble and correlation femtoscopy at fixed multiplicities
• Viscous control of minimum uncertainty state in hydrodynamics
• Deformations of the AdS-Schwarzschild black brane and the shear viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma
• The functional generalization of the Boltzmann-Vlasov equation and its Gauge-like symmetry
• Exact symmetry conservation and automatic mesh refinement in discrete initial boundary value problems
• On the boundary condition and related instability in the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
• Pion transverse-momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry in a viscous granular source model
• Hot origin of the Little Bang
• Bulk quantities in nuclear collisions from running coupling $k_T$-factorization and hybrid simulations
• Cumulants of conserved charges in hydrodynamic simulations
• Overview of electromagnetic probes in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Acausality-driven instabilities in transient relativistic viscous hydrodynamics
• Unraveling the Landau's consistence criterion and the meaning of interpenetration in the "Two-Fluid" Model
• Jet quenching in mini-quark-gluon plasma: Medium modification factor $I_{pA}$ for photon-tagged jets
• Hybrid model with viscous relativistic hydrodynamics: a role of constraints on the shear-stress tensor
• A Large-$N$ Expansion for Minimum Bias
• Transport and response coefficients in second-order dissipative relativistic hydrodynamics with quantum corrections: probing the quark-gluon plasma
• Viscous Gubser flow with conserved charges to benchmark fluid simulations
• New, spherical solutions of non-relativistic, dissipative hydrodynamics
• New solutions of viscous relativistic hydrodynamics
• Longitudinal Dynamics of Large and Small Systems from a 3D Bayesian Calibration of RHIC Top-energy Collision Data
• Chiral-Imbalance Density Wave in Baryonic Matters