Future Physics Perspectives on the Equation of State from Heavy Ion Collisions to Neutron Stars

Abstract

With the computational power and algorithmic improvements available today, the ongoing STAR/RHIC and HADES/GSI experiments, the future FAIR and NICA facilities becoming operational, and the new precise measurements from NICER and LIGO/VIRGO, the high-energy nuclear physics and astrophysics communities are in the unique position to set very stringent constraints on the equation of state of strongly interacting matter. We review the state-of-the-art of different approaches used in the description of hot and ultradense baryonic matter in and out of equilibrium, and discuss the regions in the phase diagram where heavy-ion collisions and neutron star mergers can overlap. Future perspectives are discussed to help define a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary strategy to map out the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter from heavy ion collisions to neutron stars.

arXiv comment37 pages, 4 figures

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• Exploring QCD matter in extreme conditions with Machine Learning
• Extreme Matter meets Extreme Gravity: Ultra-heavy neutron stars with crossovers and first-order phase transitions
• Hot QCD Phase Diagram From Holographic Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton Models
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• Insights on the peak in the speed of sound of ultradense matter
• Critical lensing and kurtosis near a critical point in the QCD phase diagram in and out-of-equilibrium
• Exploring thermal effects of the hadron-quark matter transition in neutron star mergers
• Two first-order phase transitions in hybrid compact stars: higher-order multiplet stars, reaction modes and intermediate conversion speeds
• Structure in the speed of sound: from neutron stars to heavy-ion collisions
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• Central Speed of Sound, Trace Anomaly and Observables of Neutron Stars from Perturbative Analyses of Scaled TOV Equations
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• Core States of Neutron Stars from Anatomizing their Scaled Structure Equations
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• Recent developments in mathematical aspects of relativistic fluids
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• Novel Scalings of Neutron Star Properties from Analyzing Dimensionless Tolman--Oppenheimer--Volkoff Equations
• Non-equilibrium effects on stability of hybrid stars with first-order phase transitions
• Modern nuclear and astrophysical constraints of dense matter in a renormalized chiral approach
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• Nucleon Short-Range Correlations and High-Momentum Dynamics: Implications on the Equation of State of Dense Matter
• New Insights into Supradense Matter from Dissecting Scaled Stellar Structure Equations
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• The effects of the QCD critical point on the spectra and flow coefficients of hadrons
• Electrically charged supermassive twin stars
• Neutron Star Equation of State with Nucleon Short-Range Correlations: A Concise Review and Open Issues
• Viscous Gubser flow with conserved charges to benchmark fluid simulations