Collision geometry fluctuations and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract

We introduce the concepts of participant triangularity and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions, analogous to the definitions of participant eccentricity and elliptic flow. The participant triangularity characterizes the triangular anisotropy of the initial nuclear overlap geometry and arises from event-by-event fluctuations in the participant-nucleon collision points. In studies using a multi-phase transport model (AMPT), a triangular flow signal is observed that is proportional to the participant triangularity and corresponds to a large third Fourier coefficient in two-particle azimuthal correlation functions. Using two-particle azimuthal correlations at large pseudorapidity separations measured by the PHOBOS and STAR experiments, we show that this Fourier component is also present in data. Ratios of the second and third Fourier coefficients in data exhibit similar trends as a function of centrality and transverse momentum as in AMPT calculations. These findings suggest a significant contribution of triangular flow to the ridge and broad away-side features observed in data. Triangular flow provides a new handle on the initial collision geometry and collective expansion dynamics in heavy-ion collisions.

8 pages, 8 figures, correction after publication, Fig8b has been corrected: The pt selection in AMPT calculation has been changed to match the selection in STAR data

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• Azimuthal anisotropy in particle distribution in A Multi-phase Transport Model
• Investigating the scaling of higher-order flows in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Correlations between azimuthal anisotropy Fourier harmonics in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=2.76$ TeV in the HYDJET++ and AMPT models
• Correlations of azimuthal anisotropy Fourier harmonics with subevent cumulants in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 8.16 TeV
• A study of the anisotropy associated with dipole asymmetry in heavy ion collisions
• Production of Charm Quarks in a Parton Cascade Model for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}$= 200 GeV
• Azimuthal anisotropies of reconstructed jets in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 2.76 TeV in a multiphase transport model
• Hydrodynamic noise and Bjorken expansion
• Elliptic and Triangular flow in asymmetric heavy-ion collisions
• Power spectrum of flow fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Glasma flux tubes vs minimum-bias jets in 2D angular correlations on $\eta$ and $\varphi$
• Validation and improvement of the ZPC parton cascade inside a box
• Azimuthally-differential pion femtoscopy relative to the third harmonic event plane in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Toward parton equilibration with improved parton interaction matrix elements
• Elliptic and Triangular Flow of Identified Particles from the AMPT Model at RHIC Energies
• Jet-hadron correlations measured relative to the second order event plane in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Model study of the energy dependence of the correlation between anisotropic flow and the mean transverse momentum in Au+Au collisions
• Elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity relative to the spectator plane in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions
• Initial conditions of bulk matter in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions
• The Sound Edge of the Quenching Jets
• Non-Abelian color fields from relativistic color charge configurations in the classical limit
• Proton structure in high-energy high-multiplicity p-p collisions
• Event plane dependence of the flow modulated background in di-hadron and jet-hadron correlations in heavy ion collisions
• Response relation in Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
• Non-perturbative renormalization of the average color charge and multi-point correlators of color charge from a non-Gaussian small-$x$ action
• The high energy frontier of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Anisotropic flow and correlations between azimuthal anisotropy Fourier harmonics in Xe-Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV under HYDJET++ framework
• Influence of tubular initial conditions on two-particle correlations
• Two-particle angular correlations in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ collisions to hadronic final states in two reference coordinates at Belle
• Momentum dependent flow correlations in deformed nuclei at collision energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• A Study of the Di-Hadron Angular Correlation Function in Event by Event Ideal Hydrodynamics
• Beam-energy dependence of the azimuthal anisotropic flow from RHIC
• The Rise and Fall of the Ridge
• Collective properties of nucleus-nucleus collisions from AGS to LHC energies
• Measurement of elliptic and higher order flow harmonics at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS Detector
• Feeding of the elliptic flow by hard partons
• Optimal modeling of 1D azimuth correlations in the context of Bayesian inference
• Three-particle correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions in a multiphase transport model
• Sub-leading flow modes in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV from HYDJET++ model
• Zeroing in on jet quenching: a PHENIX perspective
• Study of triangular flow $v_3$ in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions with a multiphase transport model
• Study of pseudorapidity dependence of the anisotropic flow with ALICE at the LHC
• Medium information from anisotropic flow and jet quenching in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Dihadron Correlations Relative to the Event Plane in 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions from STAR
• Two particle correlation measurements with respect to higher harmonic event planes at PHENIX
• Thermal noise in non-boost-invariant dissipative hydrodynamics
• Anisotropic Flow and Viscous Hydrodynamics
• A short introduction to heavy-ion physics
• Dipole asymmetry at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV Au+Au Collisions from STAR experiment at RHIC
• System-size scan of dihadron azimuthal correlations in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Third Harmonic Flow of Charged Particles in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV
• The MV Model of the Color Glass Condensate for a Finite Number of Sources Including Coulomb Interactions
• Fourier coefficients of noninterdependent collective motions in heavy-ion collisions
• Decorrelation of participant and spectator angular momenta in heavy-ion collisions
• Summary of Theoretical Physics for ICPAQGP 2010
• Left-right splitting of elliptic flow due to directed flow in heavy ion collisions
• Charge balancing and the fall off of the ridge
• Cumulants of conserved charges in hydrodynamic simulations
• Jet Quenching and Correlations
• Testing the collectivity in large and small colliding systems with test particles
• Elliptic and triangular flow of (multi-)strange hadrons and $\varphi$ mesons in BES-II energies at STAR
• Possibility to disentangle anisotropic flow, flow fluctuation, and nonflow assuming Gaussian fluctuations
• Collective Effects in Nuclear Collisions: Experimental Overview
• Reexamining the iconic dihadron correlation measurement demonstrating jet quenching
• Hydrodynamical response of plane correlation in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}$=2.76 TeV
• Solving the $R_{AA}\otimes v_2$ puzzle
• Measurements of mixed harmonic cumulants in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• The Glauber model and flow analysis with Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=2.76 TeV
• Dihadron correlations in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV with CMS
• Results from RHIC with Implications for LHC
• Measurement of $v_n$ coefficients and event plane correlations in 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with ATLAS
• An improved method to access initial states in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Challenging the utility of third-order azimuth harmonics in the description of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Theory Summary
• Remarks on the possible importance of jet v_3 and multiple jet production for the interpretation of recent jet quenching measurements at the LHC
• Triangular flow of negative pions emitted in PbAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 17.3 GeV
• Jet modifications in event-by-event hydrodynamically evolving media
• Results on angular correlations with ALICE
• Hydrodynamic Overview at Hot Quarks 2016
• Investigations of $p$+Pb Collisions at Perturbative and Non-Perturbative QCD Scales
• $\Delta \eta$-$\Delta \varphi$ correlations and the ridge structure in STAR
• Correlations of Electrons from Heavy Flavor Decay with Hadrons in Au+Au and p+p Collisions
• The QGP dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Initial fluctuations and dihadron and $\gamma$-hadron correlations in high-energy heavy ion collisions
• Two particle correlation measurements at PHENIX
• Investigations of the linear and non-linear flow harmonics using the A Multi-Phase Transport model
• The Wake of a Heavy Quark in Non-Abelian Plasmas : Comparing Kinetic Theory and the AdS/CFT Correspondence
• Tubular initial conditions and ridge formation
• Energy dependence of inclusive photon elliptic flow in heavy-ion collision models
• How many particles do make a fluid? Qualifying collective behavior in expanding ultracold gases
• Partonic transport model application to heavy flavor
• Impact of soft QCD effects over intrajet azimuthal anisotropies
• The "soft ridge" - is it initial-state geometry or modified jets?
• Non-linear flow modes of identified particles in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV with the ALICE detector
• Sound Propagation on Top of the Fireball
• Coarse Graining in Hydrodynamics and Effects of Fluctuations