Progress in the Glauber model at collider energies

Abstract

We review the theoretical and experimental progress in the Glauber model of multiple nucleon and/or parton scatterings, after the last 10--15 years of operation with proton and nuclear beams at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and with various light and heavy colliding ions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The main developments and the state-of-the-art of the field are summarized. These encompass measurements of the inclusive inelastic proton and nuclear cross sections, advances in the description of the proton and nuclear density profiles and their fluctuations, inclusion of subnucleonic degrees of freedom, experimental procedures and issues related to the determination of the collision centrality, validation of the binary scaling prescription for hard scattering cross sections, and constraints on transport properties of quark-gluon matter from varying initial-state conditions in relativistic hydrodynamics calculations. These advances confirm the validity and usefulness of the Glauber formalism for quantitative studies of QCD matter produced in high-energy collisions of systems, from protons to uranium nuclei, of vastly different size.

37 pages; 14 figures. Invited report for 'Annual Review Nucl. & Part. Science'. (Minor text modifications. 1 figure updated. Appendix and refs. added)

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• Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC
• The hadronic nucleus-nucleus cross section and the nucleon size
• Measurement of the radius dependence of charged-particle jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Progress and Challenges in Small Systems
• Energy dependence of light hypernuclei production in heavy-ion collisions from a coalescence and statistical-thermal model perspective
• Observation of the ${\rm Y}$(3S) meson and suppression of ${\rm Y}$ states in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Statistical analysis of initial state and final state response in heavy-ion collisions
• Performance of the ALICE Electromagnetic Calorimeter
• Bayesian approach to long-range correlations and multiplicity fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions
• ALICE luminosity determination for Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Photoproduction of low-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ J/$\psi$ from peripheral to central Pb$-$Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
• Measurement of beauty-strange meson production in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV via non-prompt ${{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{s}}}^{+}$ mesons
• Prompt and non-prompt J$/\psi$ production at midrapidity in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Dimuon and ditau production in photon-photon collisions at next-to-leading order in QED
• Towards the understanding of heavy quarks hadronization: from leptonic to heavy-ion collisions
• Eccentricities, fluctuations and A-dependence of elliptic and triangular flows in heavy-ion collisions
• Centrality dependence of electroweak boson production in PbPb collisions at the LHC
• Measurement of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Measurement of light-by-light scattering and the Breit-Wheeler process, and search for axion-like particles in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Glauber predictions for oxygen and neon collisions at energies available at the LHC
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• Signature of the $\alpha$-clustering structure of Light Nuclei in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
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• Observation of double J/$\psi$ meson production in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 8.16 TeV
• The effect of initial nuclear deformation on dielectron photoproduction in hadronic heavy-ion collisions
• Observation of suppressed charged-particle production in ultrarelativistic oxygen-oxygen collisions
• Probing gluon fluctuations in nuclei with the first energy-dependent measurement of incoherent J/$\psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions
• Measurements of the suppression and correlations of dijets in Xe+Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV
• Comparing matching prescriptions between pre-equilibrium and hydrodynamic models in high-energy nuclear collisions
• J/$\psi$ yields in low energy nuclear collisions at SPS and FAIR: A baseline estimation
• Inclusive photon production at forward rapidities in pp and p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• The Glauber model and flow analysis with Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=2.76 TeV
• Statistical analysis of the fluctuations of an initial-state model with independently distributed hot spots
• Event-shaped-dependent cumulants in p-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
• How cross section fluctuations affect multiplicity and geometry in pA collisions
• Mode-by-mode evolution of Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV in a hybrid model
• Exclusive process $\gamma \gamma \to J/\psi +\gamma$ production in ultraperipheral proton and nuclear collisions at the HL-LHC and FCC
• System-size dependence of charged-particle suppression in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Searching for initial state fluctuations in heavy ion collisions at FAIR energy using Principal Component Analysis