Towards the understanding of heavy quarks hadronization: from leptonic to heavy-ion collisions

Abstract

The formation of hadrons is a fundamental process in nature that can be investigated at particle colliders. As several recent findings demonstrate, with ${\mathrm{e}}^{+}{\mathrm{e}}^{-}$ collisions as a "vacuum-like" reference at one extreme, and central nucleus--nucleus as a dense, extended-size system characterized by flow and local equilibrium at the opposite extreme, different collision systems offer a lever arm that can be exploited to probe with a range of heavy-flavour hadron species the onset of various hadronization processes. In this review, we present an overview of the theoretical and experimental developments. The focus is on open-heavy-flavour measurements. The comparison with model predictions and connections among the results in electron-positron, proton--proton, proton--nucleus, nucleus--nucleus collisions are discussed. After reviewing the current state, we suggest some prospects and future developments.

119 pages, 30 figures

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• Extraction of ground-state nuclear deformations from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions: Nuclear structure physics context
• Fast prediction of the hydrodynamic QGP evolution in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions using Fourier Neural Operators
• Production of leptons from decay of heavy-flavor hadrons in high-energy nuclear collisions
• Studies of beauty hadron and non-prompt charm hadron production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV within a transport model approach