Enhanced production of multi-strange hadrons in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions

Abstract

At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1]. Such an extreme state of strongly-interacting QCD (Quantum Chromo-Dynamics) matter is produced in the laboratory with high-energy collisions of heavy nuclei, where an enhanced production of strange hadrons is observed [2-6]. Strangeness enhancement, originally proposed as a signature of QGP formation in nuclear collisions [7], is more pronounced for multi-strange baryons. Several effects typical of heavy-ion phenomenology have been observed in high-multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions [8,9]. Yet, enhanced production of multi-strange particles has not been reported so far. Here we present the first observation of strangeness enhancement in high-multiplicity pp collisions. We find that the integrated yields of strange and multi-strange particles relative to pions increases significantly with the event charged-particle multiplicity. The measurements are in remarkable agreement with p-Pb collision results [10,11] indicating that the phenomenon is related to the final system created in the collision. In high-multiplicity events strangeness production reaches values similar to those observed in Pb-Pb collisions, where a QGP is formed.

18 pages, 4 captioned figures, 1 table, authors from page 13, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/2929, Nature Physics 2017

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• The Onset of Jet Quenching Phenomenon
• An innovative approach for sketching the QCD phase diagram within the NJL model using Lagrange Multipliers
• Comment on "Evaluation of kinetic freeze-out properties in different relativistic heavy-ion collision systems at \sqrtsNN = 200 GeV'' (Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2025) 140:179) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06119-0
• Hadron yields in central nucleus-nucleus collisions, the statistical hadronization model and the QCD phase diagram
• Random statistical analysis of transverse momentum spectra of strange particles and dependence of related parameters on centrality in high energy collisions at the LHC
• Interplay between core and corona from small to large systems
• Jet modifications from colour rope formation in dense systems of non-parallel strings
• Jet fragmentation via azimuthal angular correlations of heavy flavor decay electrons in pp, p--Pb, and Pb--Pb collisions using PYTHIA8+Angantyr
• Investigating $\Lambda$ baryon production in p-Pb collisions in jets and the underlying event using angular correlations
• Transverse momentum and multiplicity dependence of ${\Lambda }_c^{+}/D^0$ ratio in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Jet quenching in mini-quark-gluon plasma: Medium modification factor $I_{pA}$ for photon-tagged jets
• Strangeness production in $O+O$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=7$ TeV using various model approaches
• Evolution of the hot dense matter at LHC energies through light and heavy-flavor hadrons using non-extensive thermodynamics
• Multiplicity, transverse momentum and pseudorapidity dependence of open-heavy flavored hadron production in proton+proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$= 13 TeV using PYTHIA8
• Measurement of the $\Lambda$ hyperon lifetime
• Letter of Intent: The Forward Physics Facility
• QCD phase transition at finite temperature and chemical potential with the non-extensive statistics
• Non-Thermal Production of Sexaquark Dark Matter
• Investigating the radial flow like effects using identified triggered correlation in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV
• D meson sensitivity to a system size scan at LHC
• Nuclear physics at the energy frontier: recent heavy ion results from the perspective of the Electron Ion Collider
• Beam Test of the PIN-diode Readout Units with Electron Energies from 5 to 40 GeV at CERN SPS
• Measurement of event shapes in minimum-bias events from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
• Understanding the medium-like effects in the jet-like yield in pp and p-Pb collisions using event generators
• Hadronic Rescattering in pA and AA Collisions
• Two-particle number and transverse momentum balance function with event topology in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Energy loss of heavy-flavor quarks in color string medium
• Dissociation-driven quarkonium spin alignment in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Finite $V_{2\Delta }$ puzzle in low-multiplicity pp collisions from ultra-long-range azimuthal correlations in the string-shoving model
• Investigation of Nuclear Modification Factor from RHIC to LHC energies using Boltzmann Transport equation in conjunction with q-Weibull distribution
• System-size dependence of charged-particle suppression in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
• The domain of soft hadrons in transverse momentum space in high energy collisions
• Effect of event classification on the Tsallis-thermometer
• Landau Pomeranchuk Midgal Effect and Charm Production in $pp$ Collisions at Large Hadron Collider Energies using the Parton Cascade Model
• Nonperturbative factorization breaking and color entanglement effects in dihadron and direct photon-hadron angular correlations in $p$$+$$p$ and $p$$+$A collisions
• Scaling of kinematical, global observables, energy and entropy densities in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions from 0.01 to 13 TeV
• Rescattering effects on resonances production in small systems with ALICE at the LHC
• Apparent strangeness enhancement from multiplicity selection in high energy proton-proton collisions
• Multiparton Interactions in pp collisions from Machine Learning
• Systematic study of nuclear effects in $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and ${}^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=200$ GeV using ${\pi }^0$ production
• Heavy flavor dynamics across system size at the LHC
• Studying of final states in p-Au and p-Pb collisions
• Soft-QCD physics in pp and p-Pb with ALICE
• System and event activity dependent inclusive jet production with ALICE
• A test of strangeness quantum number conservation in proton-proton collisions