Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies

Abstract

We review open questions and prospects for progress in ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) research, based on a series of discussions that took place during the `The High-Energy Universe: Gamma-Ray, Neutrino, and Cosmic-ray Astronomy' MIAPP workshop in 2018. Specifically, we overview open questions on the origin of the bulk of UHECRs, the UHECR mass composition, the origin of the end of the cosmic-ray spectrum, the transition from Galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays, the effect of magnetic fields on the trajectories of UHECRs, anisotropy expectations for specific astrophysical scenarios, hadronic interactions, and prospects for discovering neutral particles as well as new physics at ultrahigh energies. We also briefly present upcoming and proposed UHECR experiments and discuss their projected science reach.

arXiv comment47 pages, 17 figures, Review to appear in "Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Science" special issue, "Multi-Messenger Astrophysics: New Windows to the Universe"

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• Measurement of the Muon Production Depths at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Method to Look for Imprints of Ultrahigh Energy Nuclei Sources
• Feasibility of Determining Diffuse Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Neutrino Flavor Ratio through ARA Neutrino Observatory
• The elusive Innermost Stable Circular Orbit: Now you see it, now you don't
• Extended Air Shower Simulations Based on EPOS
• The Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays Cannot be Dominantly Protons from Steady Sources
• Cosmic Magnetic Lenses
• Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Method of Measuring Cosmic Magnetic Fields with Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Data
• On the Measurement of the Helicity of Intergalactic Magnetic Fields Using Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Deflections of ultra-high energy cosmic rays by the Milky Way magnetic field: how well can they be corrected?
• Using spherical wavelets to search for magnetically-induced alignment in the arrival directions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Can we reconcile the TA excess and hotspot with Auger observations?
• ARIANNA: Current developments and understanding the ice for neutrino detection
• A Method for Constraining Cosmic Magnetic Field Models Using Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays: The Field Scan Method

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• A Model of the Response of Surface Detectors to Extensive Air Showers Based on Shower Universality
• Observing Cosmic-Ray Extensive Air Showers with a Silicon Imaging Detector
• Probing Lorentz invariance with a high-energy neutrino flare
• Revealing ultra-high-energy cosmic ray acceleration with multi-messenger observations of the nearby GRB 980425/SN 1998bw
• The origin of the very-high-energy radiation along the jet of Centaurus A
• Cross-correlating 2MRS galaxies with UHECR flux from Pierre Auger Observatory
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• Effects of extragalactic magnetic field on the spectra of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from jetted sources
• No Flavor Anisotropy in the High-Energy Neutrino Sky Upholds Lorentz Invariance
• The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC
• Honing cross-correlation tools for inference on ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray composition
• Echoes of the past: ultra-high energy cosmic rays accelerated by radio galaxies, scattered by starburst galaxies
• Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min horizon
• Gamma rays as leptonic portals to energetic neutrinos: a new Monte Carlo approach
• High-Energy Neutrinos from Cosmic-Ray Scatterings with Supernova Neutrinos
• Explaining the UHECR spectrum, composition and large-scale anisotropies with radio galaxies
• On gamma rays as predictors of UHECR flux in AGNs
• High-Energy Neutrino Production in Clusters of Galaxies
• A possible solution to the mystery of the ANITA anomalous events
• Neutrino anisotropy as a probe of extreme astrophysical accelerators
• Large-scale anisotropies of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Beyond the Local Void: A data-driven search for the origins of the Amaterasu particle