Nearby low-luminosity GRBs as the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays revisited

Abstract

Low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with luminosity . 10^49erg/s probably consititute a distinct population from the classic high-luminosity GRBs. They are the most luminous objects detected so far within ~ 100 Mpc, the horizon distance of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), so they are considered to be candidate sources of UHECRs. It was recently argued that the energy production rate in UHECRs is much larger than that in gamma-ray photons of long GRBs measured by the Fermi satellite, which, if true, would challenge the view that GRBs can be the sources of UHECRs. We here suggest that many of the low luminosity GRBs, due to their low luminosity, can not trigger the current GRB detectors and hence their contribution to the local gamma-ray energy production rate is missing. We find that the real local energy production rate by low-luminosity GRBs, taking into account the missing part, which constitutes a dominant fraction of the total amount, could be sufficient to account for the flux of UHECRs. Due to the low-luminosity, only intermediate-mass or heavy nuclei can be accelerated to ~ 10^20 eV. We discuss the acceleration and survival of these UHE nuclei in low-luminosity GRBs, especially in those missing low-luminosity GRBs. At last, the accompanying diffuse neutrino flux from the whole low-luminosity GRB population is calculated.

10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts as the sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray nuclei
• Origin of Cosmic Rays
• Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Neutrinos in the IceCube Era
• Inspecting the supernova gamma-ray burst connection with high-energy neutrinos
• On the common origin of cosmic rays across the ankle and diffuse neutrinos at the highest energies from low-luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Diffuse PeV neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts
• Exploring the Properties of Choked Gamma-Ray Bursts with IceCube's High Energy Neutrinos
• Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei and neutrinos from engine-driven supernovae
• Constraining high-energy neutrinos from choked-jet supernovae with IceCube high-energy starting events
• Spectrum and Composition of Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays from Semi-relativistic Hypernovae
• Model-dependent estimate on the connection between fast radio bursts and ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• The Limited Contribution of Low- and High-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts to Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Constraining Low-luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Ray Sources Using GRB 060218 as a Proxy
• Acceleration and propagation of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
• Multi-wavelength radiation models for low-luminosity GRBs, and the implications for UHECRs
• Acceleration of ultra-high energy cosmic rays in the early afterglows of gamma-ray bursts: concurrence of jet's dynamics and wave-particle interactions
• Prompt Neutrino Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Dissipative Photospheric Scenario Revisited: Possible Contributions from Cocoons
• Hard TeV Gamma-Ray Afterglows of Nearby GRB 190829A as a Tentative Signature of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays Accelerated in Gamma-Ray Burst Jets
• Multi-Messenger Signatures of PeV-ZeV Cosmic Ray Sources