Low-Luminosity GRB 060218: A Collapsar Jet from a Neutron Star, Leaving a Magnetar as a Remnant?

Abstract

The gamma-ray burst (GRB) 060218 has ~ 10^5 times lower luminosity than typical long GRBs, and is associated with a supernova (SN). The radio afterglow displays no jet break, so that this burst might arise from a mildly-relativistic spherical outflow produced by the SN shock sweeping the stellar surface. Since this model is energetically difficult, we propose that the radio afterglow is produced by a non-relativistic phase of an initially collimated outflow (jet). Our jet model is supported by the detection of optical linear polarization in the SN component. We also show analytically that the jet can penetrate a progenitor star. We analyzed the observational data of the prompt emission of this burst and obtained a smooth power-law light curve which might last longer than 10^6s. This behavior contrasts with the long intermittent activities with the X-ray flares of typical GRBs, implying that the central engine of this burst is different from those of typical GRBs. This argument is consistent with the analysis of the SN component of this burst, which suggests that the progenitor star was less massive and collapsed to a neutron star instead of a black hole. The collimation-corrected event rate of such low-luminosity GRBs is estimated to be ~ 10 times higher than that of typical long GRBs, and they might form a different GRB population: low-luminosity GRBs are produced by mildly-relativistic jets from neutron stars at the collapses of massive stars, while typical long GRBs by highly-relativistic jets from black holes. We suggest that the central engine of GRB 060218 is a pulsar (or a magnetar) with the initial rotation period P_0 \~ 10ms and the magnetic field B ~ 10^16G. A giant flare from the magnetar might be observed in future.

14 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables added, references added. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Replaced with the accepted version

References in corpus (32)

• The Supernova -- Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Gamma-Ray Bursts: Progress, Problems & Prospects
• The shock break-out of GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
• Swift detects a remarkable gamma-ray burst, GRB 060614, that introduces a new classification scheme
• An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218
• Relativistic ejecta from XRF 060218 and the rate of cosmic explosions
• The early X-ray emission from GRBs
• A neutron-star-driven X-ray flash associated with supernova SN 2006aj
• GRB Radiative Efficiencies Derived from the Swift Data: GRBs vs. XRFs, Long vs. Short
• High Energy Neutrinos and Cosmic-Rays from Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts?
• GRB efficiency and Possible Physical Processes Shaping the Early Afterglow
• Testing the Curvature Effect and Internal Origin of Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emissions and X-ray Flares with Swift Data
• Early-Time Photometry and Spectroscopy of the Fast Evolving SN 2006AJ Associated with GRB 060218
• GRB 060218/SN 2006aj: A Gamma-Ray Burst and Prompt Supernova at z=0.0335
• Supernova 2006aj and the associated X-Ray Flash 060218
• Implications of the Early X-Ray Afterglow Light Curves of Swift GRBs
• SN 2006aj and the nature of low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts
• The GRB 060218/SN 2006aj event in the context of other Gamma-Ray Burst Supernovae
• Prompt and Afterglow Emission Properties of Gamma-Ray Bursts with Spectroscopically Identified Supernovae
• On the consistency of the peculiar GRBs 060218 and 060614 with the Ep,i - Eiso correlation
• The Onset of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow
• Collimated Jet or Expanding Outflow: Possible Origins of GRBs and X-Ray Flashes
• Are GRB 980425 and GRB 031203 real outliers or twins of GRB 060218?
• Shock Breakout in Type Ibc Supernovae and Application to GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
• Temporal Profiles and Spectral Lags of XRF 060218
• The Interpretation and Implication of the Afterglow of GRB 060218
• Thick fireballs and the steep decay in the early X-ray afterglow of gamma-ray bursts
• On the Early Time X-ray Spectra of Swift Afterglows I: Evidence for Anomalous Soft X-ray Emission
• Puzzled by GRB 060218
• Detection of optical linear polarization in the SN2006aj/XRF060218 non-spherical expansion
• X-ray Flashes or soft Gamma-ray Bursts? The case of the likely distant XRF 040912

Cited by in corpus (62)

• Low Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Unique Population: Luminosity Function, Local Rate, and Beaming Factor
• TeV-PeV Neutrinos from Low-Power Gamma-Ray Burst Jets inside Stars
• Discovery of the nearby long, soft GRB 100316D with an associated supernova
• High-energy cosmic-ray nuclei from high- and low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts and implications for multi-messenger astronomy
• Choked Jets and Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Hidden Neutrino Sources
• A comprehensive analysis of Swift/XRT data: I. Apparent spectral evolution of GRB X-ray tails
• Special Relativistic Simulations of Magnetically-dominated Jets in Collapsing Massive Stars
• Opening Angles of Collapsar Jets
• The Metal Aversion of LGRBs
• How Gravitational-wave Observations Can Shape the Gamma-ray Burst Paradigm
• Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Distinct GRB Population:A Firmer Case from Multiple Criteria Constraints
• Can Gamma-Ray Burst Jets Break Out the First Stars?
• Population III GRB Afterglows: Constraints on Stellar Masses and External Medium Densities
• THESEUS: a key space mission concept for Multi-Messenger Astrophysics
• Multi-Messenger Tests for Fast-Spinning Newborn Pulsars Embedded in Stripped-Envelope Supernovae
• GRB060218 as a Tidal Disruption of a White Dwarf by an Intermediate Mass Black Hole
• An up-scattered cocoon emission model of Gamma-Ray Burst high-energy lags
• XRF 100316D/SN 2010bh: clue to the diverse origin of nearby supernova-associated GRBs
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays, Spiral galaxies and Magnetars
• On the investigation of the closure relations for Gamma-Ray Bursts observed by Swift in the post-plateau phase and the GRB fundamental plane
• GRB Precursors in the Fallback Collapsar Scenario
• High-energy neutrinos from reverse shocks in choked and successful relativistic jets
• Jet or Shock Breakout? The Low-Luminosity GRB 060218
• Unusual Central Engine Activity in the Double Burst GRB 110709B
• Did we observe the supernova shock breakout in GRB 060218?
• On the Existence of the Plateau Emission in High-Energy Gamma-Ray Burst LightCurves observed byFermi-LAT
• High-energy neutrino and gamma-ray transients from trans-relativistic supernova shock breakouts
• Exploring the Properties of Choked Gamma-Ray Bursts with IceCube's High Energy Neutrinos
• The $E_{\mathrm{p}}$-Flux Correlation in the Rising and Decaying Phases of Gamma-Ray Burst Pulses: Evidence for Viewing Angle Effect?
• Global characteristics of GRBs observed with INTEGRAL and the inferred large population of low-luminosity GRBs
• Are Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts Caused by Blue Supergiant Collapsars, Newborn Magnetars, or White Dwarf Tidal Disruption Events?
• Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei and neutrinos from engine-driven supernovae
• PTF 10bzf (SN 2010ah): a broad-line Ic supernova discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory
• Closure relations during the plateau emission of Swift GRBs and the fundamental plane
• Gravitational wave background from sub-luminous GRBs: prospects for second and third generation detectors
• Nearby low-luminosity GRBs as the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays revisited
• GRB060218 and GRBs associated with Supernovae Ib/c
• Hypernova and Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants as TeV Unidentified Sources
• Using High-Energy Neutrinos As Cosmic Magnetometers
• Quiescent times in Gamma-Ray-Bursts: hints of a dormant inner engine
• Relativistic supernova ejecta colliding with a circumstellar medium: an application to the low-luminosity GRB 171205A
• Neutrino Emission in Jet Propagation Process
• Numerical models of blackbody-dominated gamma-ray bursts -- I. Hydrodynamics and the origin of the thermal emission
• Gamma rays from a reverse shock with turbulent magnetic fields in GRB 180720B
• The closure relations in optical afterglow of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Constraining Low-luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Ray Sources Using GRB 060218 as a Proxy
• Broadband lightcurve characteristics of GRBs 980425 and 060218 and comparison with long-lag, wide-pulse GRBs
• Ultra-High Energy Neutrino Afterglows of nearby Long Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
• High-energy neutrino emission from magnetised jets of rapidly rotating protomagnetars
• Interpretation of Radio Afterglows in the framework of the Standard Fireball and Energy Injection models
• Studying the SN-GRB connection with X-shooter: The GRB 100316D / SN 2010bh case
• Dependence of Temporal Properties on Energy in Long-Lag, Wide-Pulse Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Observational Constraints on Late-Time Radio Rebrightening of GRB-Supernovae
• Black hole hyperaccretion in collapsars. III. GRB timescale
• Hydrodynamical interaction of mildly relativistic ejecta with an ambient medium
• Revisiting GRB 060218: new insights into low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts from a revised shock breakout model
• Magnetar as Central Engine of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Quasi-Universal Jet, Event Rate and X-ray Luminosity Function of Dipole Radiations
• Non-thermal neutrinos from supernovae leaving a magnetar
• Broadband Radiation from Primary Electrons in Very Energetic Supernovae
• Prompt Emission from Tidal Disruptions of White Dwarfs by Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• An unexplored regime of shock breakout with a distinct spectral signature
• Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with THESEUS in the 2030s