Jet or Shock Breakout? The Low-Luminosity GRB 060218

Abstract

We consider a model for the low-luminosity gamma-ray burst GRB 060218 that plausibly accounts for multiwavelength observations to day 20. The model components are: (1) a long-lived ($t_j\sim 3000$ s) central engine and accompanying low-luminosity ($L_j\sim 10^{47}$ erg s${}^{-1}$), semirelativistic ($\gamma \sim 10$) jet; (2) a low-mass ($\sim 10^{-2}{M}_{\odot }$) envelope surrounding the progenitor star; and (3) a modest amount of dust ($A_V\sim 0.1$ mag) in the interstellar environment. Blackbody emission from the transparency radius in a low-power jet outflow can fit the prompt thermal X-ray emission, and the nonthermal X-rays and gamma-rays may be produced via Compton scattering of thermal photons from hot leptons in the jet interior or the external shocks. The later mildly relativistic phase of this outflow can produce the radio emission via synchrotron radiation from the forward shock. Meanwhile, interaction of the associated SN 2006aj with a circumstellar envelope extending to $\sim 10^{13}$ cm can explain the early optical emission. The X-ray afterglow can be interpreted as a light echo of the prompt emission from dust at $\sim 30$ pc. Our model is a plausible alternative to that of Nakar, who recently proposed shock breakout of a jet smothered by an extended envelope as the source of prompt emission. Both our results and Nakar's suggest that bursts such as GRB 060218 may originate from unusual progenitors with extended circumstellar envelopes, and that a jet is necessary to decouple the prompt emission from the supernova.

28 pages, 8 figures, submitted to MNRAS

References in corpus (29)

• An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218
• A neutron-star-driven X-ray flash associated with supernova SN 2006aj
• From Shock Breakout to Peak and Beyond: Extensive Panchromatic Observations of the Type Ib Supernova 2008D associated with Swift X-ray Transient 080109
• A very luminous magnetar-powered supernova associated with an ultra-long gamma-ray burst
• On the Rates of Gamma Ray Bursts and Type Ib/c Supernovae
• Discovery of the nearby long, soft GRB 100316D with an associated supernova
• Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium. I. Type Ibn (SN 2006jc-like) events
• The Dynamics and Afterglow Radiation of Gamma-Ray Bursts. I. Constant Density Medium
• Supernova 2006aj and the associated X-Ray Flash 060218
• A unified picture for low-luminosity and long gamma-ray bursts based on the extended progenitor of llgrb 060218/SN 2006aj
• Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts Prompt Emission
• A new model for infrared and submillimetre counts
• GRB 130925A: an ultra-long Gamma Ray Burst with a dust-echo afterglow, and implications for the origin of the ultra-long GRBs
• The width of gamma-ray burst spectra
• Nonthermal gamma-ray and X-ray flashes from shock breakout in gamma-ray bursts/supernovae
• Temporal Profiles and Spectral Lags of XRF 060218
• Shock Breakout in Type Ibc Supernovae and Application to GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
• On the Nature of Type Ia-CSM Supernovae: Optical and Near-Infrared Spectra of SN 2012ca and SN 2013dn
• The Interpretation and Implication of the Afterglow of GRB 060218
• GRB 090417B and its Host Galaxy: A Step Towards an Understanding of Optically-Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The afterglow of a relativistic shock breakout and low-luminosity GRBs
• Did we observe the supernova shock breakout in GRB 060218?
• Dust in the wind: the role of recent mass loss in long gamma-ray bursts
• Puzzled by GRB 060218
• Black-body components in Gamma-Ray Bursts spectra?
• Spectroscopic Discovery of the Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernova 2010bh Associated with the Low-Redshift GRB 100316D
• Gamma-ray burst spectra and spectral correlations from sub-photospheric Comptonization
• An Observed Correlation Between Thermal and Non-Thermal Emission in Gamma-Ray Bursts
• GRB 060218: The nature of the optical-UV component

Cited by in corpus (39)

• The Observer's Guide to the Gamma-Ray Burst-Supernova Connection
• Related progenitor models for long-duration gamma ray bursts and Type Ic superluminous supernovae
• Shock breakout theory
• Physics of radiation mediated shocks and its applications to GRBs, supernovae, and neutron star mergers
• iPTF15dtg: a double-peaked Type Ic Supernova from a massive progenitor
• SN2020bvc: a Broad-lined Type Ic Supernova with a Double-peaked Optical Light Curve and a Luminous X-ray and Radio Counterpart
• Black hole hyperaccretion inflow-outflow model. I. long and ultra-long gamma-ray bursts
• A comprehensive statistical study on gamma-ray bursts
• Four GRB-Supernovae at Redshifts between 0.4 and 0.8
• Are Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts Caused by Blue Supergiant Collapsars, Newborn Magnetars, or White Dwarf Tidal Disruption Events?
• Bolometric light curves of aspherical shock breakout
• The large landscape of supernova, GRB and cocoon interactions
• Relativistic supernova ejecta colliding with a circumstellar medium: an application to the low-luminosity GRB 171205A
• The propagation of choked jet outflows in power-law external media
• The Exotic Type Ic Broad-Lined Supernova SN 2018gep: Blurring the Line Between Supernovae and Fast Optical Transients
• The Broad-lined Ic Supernova ZTF18aaqjovh (SN 2018bvw): An Optically-discovered Engine-driven Supernova Candidate with Luminous Radio Emission
• 1000 days of lowest frequency emission from the low-luminosity GRB 171205A
• On the existence of a luminosity threshold of GRB jets in massive stars
• The effects of a magnetar engine on the gamma-ray burst-associated supernovae: Application to double-peaked SN 2006aj
• Particle Acceleration in Mildly Relativistic Outflows of Fast Energetic Transient Sources
• Constraining Low-luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Ray Sources Using GRB 060218 as a Proxy
• Multi-wavelength radiation models for low-luminosity GRBs, and the implications for UHECRs
• GRB 201015A and the nature of low-luminosity soft gamma-ray bursts
• High-energy neutrino emission from magnetised jets of rapidly rotating protomagnetars
• Observational Constraints on Late-Time Radio Rebrightening of GRB-Supernovae
• Gamma-Ray Burst in a Binary System
• GRB 171205A: Hypernova and Newborn Neutron Star
• New JWST redshifts for the host galaxies of CDF-S XT1 and XT2: understanding their nature
• Hydrodynamical interaction of mildly relativistic ejecta with an ambient medium
• Thermal components in the early X-ray afterglows of GRBs: likely cocoon emission and constraints on the progenitors
• Luminosity function and event rate density of XMM-Newton-selected supernova shock-breakout candidates
• Revisiting GRB 060218: new insights into low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts from a revised shock breakout model
• Shock Breakout from Stellar Envelopes: The relativistic limit
• A comprehensive view of blackbody components in the X-ray spectra of GRBs
• An unexplored regime of shock breakout with a distinct spectral signature
• Toward an inner connection of SNe Ic, SLSNe Ic, XRF connected SNe, SNe Ic-BL, and GRB connected SNe
• Catching TeV emission from GRB 221009A and alike with LHAASO, LACT and SWGO
• Multi-Messenger Signatures of PeV-ZeV Cosmic Ray Sources
• Einstein Probe Fast X-ray Transients Extend the Physical Parameter Space of Relativistic Jets