The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider

Abstract

High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth's atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which eventually decay into muons. The muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant muon deficit with respect to measurements; this is called the Muon Puzzle. The origin of this discrepancy has been traced to the composition of secondary particles in hadronic interactions. The muon discrepancy starts at the TeV scale, which suggests that this change in hadron composition is observable at the Large Hadron Collider. An effect that can potentially explain the puzzle has been discovered at the LHC, but needs to be confirmed for forward produced hadrons with LHCb, and with future data on oxygen beams.

arXiv commentinvited review submitted to Astrophysics and Space Science

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• A Comparison of new MC-adapted Parton Densities
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• Measurements of charged particle spectra and nuclear modification factor in p+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector
• Measurement of the nuclear modification factor for high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ charged hadrons in $p$+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector
• Strangeness production in high-multiplicity events
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• A Heavy-Metal Scenario of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Reconstruction of air shower muon lateral distribution functions using integrator and binary modes of underground muon detectors
• Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• Physics with high-luminosity proton-nucleus collisions at the LHC
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• Modified Characteristics of Hadronic Interactions in Ultra-high-energy Cosmic-ray Showers
• Cosmogenic Muon Background Characterization for the Colorado Underground Research Institute (CURIE)
• A Study of Modified Characteristics of Hadronic Interactions
• Cosmic ray mass composition measurement in the energy range from $10^{16.5}$ eV to $10^{18.5}$ eV observed with the TALE hybrid detector
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• Air showers and hadronic interactions with CORSIKA 8
• Photon-likeness of hadron showers and impact of Lorentz boosting
• Letter of Intent: The Forward Physics Facility
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• Probing Hadronic Interactions with Cosmic Rays
• Measurements of the charge ratio and polarization of cosmic-ray muons with the Super-Kamiokande detector
• Modified hadronic interactions in 3-dimensional simulations
• Explaining muon excess in cosmic rays using the gluon condensation model
• Readdressing the contribution of photonuclear reactions to the muon content of extensive air showers: a heuristic approach
• Measuring the muon content of inclined air showers using AERA and the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Using the Virasoro conditions to revise the model of a quark-gluon string fragmentation
• CORSIKA 8: A General Framework for Particle Cascade Simulations
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• Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics at Colliders