Sibyll${}^{★}$

Abstract

In the last decade, an increasing number of datasets have revealed a consistent discrepancy between the number of muons measured in ultra-high-energy extensive air showers (EAS) and the numbers predicted by simulations. This gap persists despite incorporating Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data into the tuning of current hadronic interaction models, leading to the phenomenon often termed the ''muon puzzle''. To gain a deeper understanding of the potential origins of this muon puzzle, we have developed Sibyll${}^{★}$, a series of phenomenologically modified versions of Sibyll 2.3d. In these models, we have increased muon production by altering ${\rho }^0$, baryon-antibaryon pair, or kaon production in hadronic multiparticle production processes. These variants remain within bounds from provided by accelerator measurements, including those from the LHC and fixed-target experiments, notably NA49 and NA61, showing a level of consistency comparable to Sibyll 2.3d. Our findings show that these modifications can increase the muon count in EAS by up to 35%, while minimally affecting the depth of shower maximum ($X_{\max }$) and other shower variables. Additionally, we assess the impact of these modifications on various observables, including inclusive muon and neutrino fluxes and the multiplicities of muon bundles in deep underground and water/ice Cherenkov detectors. We aim for at least one of these model variants to offer a more accurate representation of EAS data at the highest energies, thereby enhancing the quality of Monte Carlo predictions used in training neural networks. This improvement is crucial for achieving more reliable data analyses and interpretations.

References in corpus (42)

• EPOS LHC : test of collective hadronization with LHC data
• Letter of Intent for KM3NeT 2.0
• Monte Carlo treatment of hadronic interactions in enhanced Pomeron scheme: I. QGSJET-II model
• Observation and Characterization of a Cosmic Muon Neutrino Flux from the Northern Hemisphere using six years of IceCube data
• Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube
• Atmospheric and Astrophysical Neutrinos above 1 TeV Interacting in IceCube
• Hadronic interaction model Sibyll 2.3d and extensive air showers
• Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events
• Searches for Sterile Neutrinos with the IceCube Detector
• The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment
• Study of the inclusive production of charged pions, kaons, and protons in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 0.9, 2.76, and 7 TeV
• New facts about muon production in Extended Air Shower simulations
• The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider
• The hadronic interaction model Sibyll-2.3c and inclusive lepton fluxes
• First Direct Observation of Collider Neutrinos with FASER at the LHC
• Measurement of the fluctuations in the number of muons in extensive air showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Reconstruction of inclined air showers detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Characterization of the Atmospheric Muon Flux in IceCube
• Searching for eV-scale sterile neutrinos with eight years of atmospheric neutrinos at the IceCube neutrino telescope
• Study of muons from ultra-high energy cosmic ray air showers measured with the Telescope Array experiment
• Observation of collider muon neutrinos with the SND@LHC experiment
• A model for the transport of muons in extensive air showers
• Strange fireball as an explanation of the muon excess in Auger data
• A new physical phenomenon in ultra-high energy collisions
• Core-corona effect in hadron collisions and muon production in air showers
• An explanation of the muon puzzle of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and the role of the Forward Physics Facility for model improvement
• Remnant Break-up and Muon Production in Cosmic Ray Air Showers
• Density of GeV muons in air showers measured with IceTop
• Recent Improvements for the Lepton Propagator PROPOSAL
• Deep-Learning based Reconstruction of the Shower Maximum $X_{\max }$ using the Water-Cherenkov Detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Measurement of Meson Resonance Production in ${\pi }^{-}+$C Interactions at SPS energies
• Extraction of the Muon Signals Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory Using Recurrent Neural Networks
• DAEMONFLUX: DAta-drivEn MuOn-calibrated atmospheric Neutrino Flux
• Muon identification in a compact single-layered water Cherenkov detector and gamma/hadron discrimination using Machine Learning techniques
• Muon production and string percolation effects in cosmic rays at the highest energies
• On the Accuracy of Underground Muon Intensity Calculations
• Influence of Low Energy Hadronic Interactions on Air-shower Simulations
• Observation of Seasonal Variations of the Flux of High-Energy Atmospheric Neutrinos with IceCube
• Modeling Strangeness Enhancements to resolve the Muon Excess in Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Shower Data
• Universality of the muon component of extensive air showers
• Atmospheric muons at PeV energies in radio neutrino detectors
• The Puzzle of Muons in Extensive Air Showers

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Science and Project Planning for the Forward Physics Facility in Preparation for the 2024-2026 European Particle Physics Strategy Update
• Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles with energies between $10^{18.5}$ and $10^{20}$ eV using the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning
• Search for a light sterile neutrino with 7.5 years of IceCube DeepCore data
• Letter of Intent: The Forward Physics Facility
• Cosmic Rays: High Energy Particle Interactions in the Atmosphere -- Memorial Issue for Prof. Dr. Thomas K. Gaisser (Editorial)
• Modified hadronic interactions in 3-dimensional simulations