IceTop: The surface component of IceCube

Abstract

IceTop, the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole, is an air shower array with an area of 1 km2. The detector allows a detailed exploration of the mass composition of primary cosmic rays in the energy range from about 100 TeV to 1 EeV by exploiting the correlation between the shower energy measured in IceTop and the energy deposited by muons in the deep ice. In this paper we report on the technical design, construction and installation, the trigger and data acquisition systems as well as the software framework for calibration, reconstruction and simulation. Finally the first experience from commissioning and operating the detector and the performance as an air shower detector will be discussed.

50 pages, 38 figures; submitted to NIM A

References in corpus (6)

• Cosmic Rays from the Knee to the Highest Energies
• Measurement of the Anisotropy of Cosmic Ray Arrival Directions with IceCube
• Cosmic Ray Composition and Energy Spectrum from 1-30 PeV Using the 40-String Configuration of IceTop and IceCube
• The first search for extremely-high energy cosmogenic neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• Anisotropy of TeV and PeV cosmic rays with IceCube and IceTop
• IceCube: Status and Results

Cited by in corpus (78)

• The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and Online Systems
• IceCube-Gen2: The Window to the Extreme Universe
• A combined maximum-likelihood analysis of the high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux measured with IceCube
• All-sky search for time-integrated neutrino emission from astrophysical sources with 7 years of IceCube data
• Hadronic interaction model Sibyll 2.3d and extensive air showers
• Radio detection of Cosmic-Ray Air Showers and High-Energy Neutrinos
• Extending the search for muon neutrinos coincident with gamma-ray bursts in IceCube data
• Measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum with IceTop-73
• Cosmic Ray Spectrum and Composition from PeV to EeV Using 3 Years of Data From IceTop and IceCube
• Cosmic Neutrino Pevatrons: A Brand New Pathway to Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Particle Physics
• The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider
• Observation of Cosmic Ray Anisotropy with the IceTop Air Shower Array
• Anisotropy in Cosmic-Ray Arrival Directions in the Southern Hemisphere with Six Years of Data from the IceCube Detector
• Search for time-independent neutrino emission from astrophysical sources with 3 years of IceCube data
• A complete model of the CR spectrum and composition across the Galactic to Extragalactic transition
• A generalized self-veto probability for atmospheric neutrinos
• Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays: The Intersection of the Cosmic and Energy Frontiers
• IceCube Search for Dark Matter Annihilation in nearby Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters
• Search for Dark Matter Annihilation in the Galactic Center with IceCube-79
• Sub-PeV Neutrinos from TeV Unidentified Sources in the Galaxy
• Searches for Time Dependent Neutrino Sources with IceCube Data from 2008 to 2012
• Probing the origin of cosmic-rays with extremely high energy neutrinos using the IceCube Observatory
• IceCat-1: the IceCube Event Catalog of Alert Tracks
• All-flavour Search for Neutrinos from Dark Matter Annihilations in the Milky Way with IceCube/DeepCore
• Searches for Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles in IceCube
• Limits on Neutrino Emission from GRB 221009A from MeV to PeV using the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• The Cosmic-Ray Composition between 2 PeV and 2 EeV Observed with the TALE Detector in Monocular Mode
• Cosmic Ray Composition and Energy Spectrum from 1-30 PeV Using the 40-String Configuration of IceTop and IceCube
• High-Energy Extragalactic Neutrino Astrophysics
• Search for Galactic PeV Gamma Rays with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• Cosmic Ray Spectrum from 250 TeV to 10 PeV using IceTop
• Neutrinos and Cosmic Rays Observed by IceCube
• Search for Extremely-High-Energy Neutrinos and First Constraints on the Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Proton Fraction with IceCube
• Density of GeV muons in air showers measured with IceTop
• In-situ calibration of the single-photoelectron charge response of the IceCube photomultiplier tubes
• An Andean Deep-Valley Detector for High-Energy Tau Neutrinos
• Search for Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles with Eight Years of IceCube Data
• Measurement of Meson Resonance Production in ${\pi }^{-}+$C Interactions at SPS energies
• Search for Spatial Correlations of Neutrinos with Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Results from NA61/SHINE
• Search for PeVatrons at the Galactic Center using a radio air-shower array at the South Pole
• Cosmic Rays from the Knee to the Ankle
• Search for PeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Southern Hemisphere with 5 Years of Data from the IceCube Observatory
• Measurement of the ${\nu }_{\mu }$ energy spectrum with IceCube-79
• High-Energy Galactic Cosmic Rays (Astro2020 Science White Paper)
• Searches for Neutrinos from LHAASO ultra-high-energy γ-ray sources using the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• On the cosmic-ray energy scale of the LOFAR radio telescope
• Searches for neutrinos from cosmic-ray interactions in the Sun using seven years of IceCube data
• Computing mean logarithmic mass from muon counts in air shower experiments
• Framework and Tools for the Simulation and Analysis of the Radio Emission from Air Showers at IceCube
• Back-to-Back Black Holes decay Signature at Neutrino Observatories
• Atmospheric Muons Measured with IceCube
• Study of Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with IceTop and IceCube
• Observation of Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 yr of Data Collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• Recent Highlights from IceCube
• Search for Sources of High Energy Neutrons with Four Years of Data from the IceTop Detector
• The cosmic-ray spectrum in the PeV to EeV energy range
• Physics Potential of a Radio Surface Array at the South Pole (ARENA 2018)
• Unitarisation dependence of diffractive scattering in light of high-energy collider data
• Studying the mass sensitivity of air-shower observables using simulated cosmic rays
• Neutrinos below 100 TeV from the southern sky employing refined veto techniques to IceCube data
• The Dawn of Multi-Messenger Astronomy
• Cosmic ray Spectrum, Composition, and Anisotropy Measured with IceCube
• Design and Expected Performance of the IceCube-Gen2 Surface Array and its Radio Component (ARENA2022)
• Design and Performance of the first IceAct Demonstrator at the South Pole
• Measurements of the cosmic ray spectrum and average mass with IceCube
• Report from the Multi-Messenger Working Group at UHECR-2014 Conference
• Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• Exploring the Universe with Very High Energy Neutrinos
• Three-year performance of the IceAct telescopes at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• New IceTop Trigger in the context of the planned IceCube Surface Detector Enhancement at the South Pole
• A Surface Radio Array for the Enhancement of IceTop and its Science Prospects
• An Improved Method of Estimating the Uncertainty of Air-Shower Size at Ultra-High Energies
• Recent results of cosmic-ray studies with IceTop at the IceCube Neutrino
• A Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Cosmic Ray Events in IceCube
• IceCube at the Threshold
• Air Shower Detection by Arrays of Radio Antennas (ISVHECRI 2018)
• Primary spectrum and composition with IceCube/IceTop