Performance and luminosity models for heavy-ion operation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Abstract

A good understanding of the luminosity performance in a collider, as well as reliable tools to analyse, predict, and optimise the performance, are of great importance for the successful planning and execution of future runs. In this article, we present two different models for the evolution of the beam parameters and the luminosity in heavy-ion colliders. The first, Collider Time Evolution (CTE) is a particle tracking code, while the second, the Multi-Bunch Simulation (MBS), is based on the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations for beam parameters. As a benchmark, we compare simulations and data for a large number of physics fills in the 2018 Pb-Pb run at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), finding excellent agreement for most parameters, both between the simulations and with the measured data. Both codes are then used independently to predict the performance in future heavy-ion operation, with both Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions, at the LHC and its upgrade, the High-Luminosity LHC. The use of two independent codes based on different principles gives increased confidence in the results.

arXiv comment29 pages, 11 figures

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Cited by in corpus (7)

• The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider
• Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays: The Intersection of the Cosmic and Energy Frontiers
• Imaging the initial condition of heavy-ion collisions and nuclear structure across the nuclide chart
• Opportunities for new physics searches with heavy ions at colliders
• Relic neutrinos at accelerator experiments
• Charting the Luminosity Capabilities of the CERN Large Hadron Collider with Various Nuclear Species
• Physics with high-luminosity proton-nucleus collisions at the LHC