Estimating initial state and quark-gluon plasma medium properties using a hybrid model with nucleon substructure calibrated to $p$-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV

Abstract

We posit a unified hydrodynamic and microscopic description of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in ultrarelativistic $p$-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV and evaluate our assertion using Bayesian inference. Specifically, we model the dynamics of both collision systems using initial conditions with parametric nucleon substructure, a pre-equilibrium free-streaming stage, event-by-event viscous hydrodynamics, and a microscopic hadronic afterburner. Free parameters of the model which describe the initial state and QGP medium are then simultaneously calibrated to fit charged particle yields, mean $p_T$, and flow cumulants. We argue that the global agreement of the calibrated model with the experimental data strongly supports the existence of hydrodynamic flow in small collision systems at ultrarelativistic energies, and that the flow produced develops at length scales smaller than a single proton. Posterior estimates for the model's input parameters are obtained, and new insights into the temperature dependence of the QGP transport coefficients and event-by-event structure of the proton are discussed.

References in corpus (68)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Nuclear Ground-State Masses and Deformations
• Microscopic Models for Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Relativistic Hadron-Hadron Collisions in the Ultra-Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics Model (UrQMD)
• The equation of state in (2+1)-flavor QCD
• Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Observation of long-range near-side angular correlations in proton-lead collisions at the LHC
• Combined Measurement and QCD Analysis of the Inclusive ep Scattering Cross Sections at HERA
• Hadron production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and high density QCD
• Derivation of transient relativistic fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equation
• Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions
• Event-by-event anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions from combined Yang-Mills and viscous fluid dynamics
• Observation of Associated Near-side and Away-side Long-range Correlations in sqrt(s_NN)=5.02 TeV Proton-lead Collisions with the ATLAS Detector
• Causal viscous hydrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions for relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Applying Bayesian parameter estimation to relativistic heavy-ion collisions: simultaneous characterization of the initial state and quark-gluon plasma medium
• Multiplicity and transverse-momentum dependence of two- and four-particle correlations in pPb and PbPb collisions
• Alternative ansatz to wounded nucleon and binary collision scaling in high-energy nuclear collisions
• Scaling properties of azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Event-by-event fluctuations in perturbative QCD + saturation + hydro model: pinning down QCD matter shear viscosity in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Creating small circular, elliptical, and triangular droplets of quark-gluon plasma
• Collective flow in p-Pb and d-Pb collisions at TeV energies
• Initial state geometry and the role of hydrodynamics in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and deuteron-nucleus collisions
• Centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Analysis of combined HERA data in the Impact-Parameter dependent Saturation model
• Dissipative relativistic fluid dynamics: a new way to derive the equations of motion from kinetic theory
• Generic framework for anisotropic flow analyses with multi-particle azimuthal correlations
• Collective dynamics of the high-energy proton-nucleus collisions
• Centrality dependence of particle production in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$= 5.02 TeV
• Evidence of strong proton shape fluctuations from incoherent diffraction
• Anisotropic flow of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Pseudorapidity density of charged particles in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Transport Coefficients of Bulk Viscous Pressure in the 14-moment approximation
• Correlated event-by-event fluctuations of flow harmonics in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=2.76$ TeV
• Multiplicity dependence of the average transverse momentum in pp, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Measurements of elliptic and triangular flow in high-multiplicity ${}^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=200$ GeV
• Imprints of fluctuating proton shapes on flow in proton-lead collisions at the LHC
• Eccentric protons? Sensitivity of flow to system size and shape in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions
• Hydrodynamic Approaches in Relativistic Heavy Ion Reactions
• Proton-proton elastic scattering at the LHC energy of {\surd} = 7 TeV
• Revealing proton shape fluctuations with incoherent diffraction at high energy
• Azimuthal anisotropy in U+U and Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Hadron spectra and elliptic flow for 200 A GeV Au+Au collisions from viscous hydrodynamics coupled to a Boltzmann cascade
• Torqued fireballs in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Collectivity and electromagnetic radiation in small systems
• Transverse energy production and charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity in various systems from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ to 200 GeV
• The shape of the proton at high energies
• Transverse-energy distributions at midrapidity in $p$$+$$p$, $d$$+$Au, and Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=62.4$--200~GeV and implications for particle-production models
• Coupling Relativistic Viscous Hydrodynamics to Boltzmann Descriptions
• Free-streaming approximation in early dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Initial state fluctuations in collisions between light and heavy ions
• Measurements of multiparticle correlations in $d$$+$Au collisions at 200, 62.4, 39, and 19.6 GeV and $p$$+$Au collisions at 200 GeV and implications for collective behavior
• Constraining models of initial conditions with elliptic and triangular flow data
• Hot spots and the hollowness of proton-proton interactions at high energies
• Constraints on rapidity-dependent initial conditions from charged particle pseudorapidity densities and two-particle correlations
• QGP viscosity at RHIC and the LHC - a 2012 status report
• Finite resonance widths influence the thermal-model description of hadron yields
• A Bayesian Approach for Parameter Estimation and Prediction using a Computationally Intensive Model
• Transverse momentum fluctuations in ultrarelativistic Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions with wounded quarks
• Initial state of Heavy-Ion Collisions: Isotropization and thermalization
• Effects of $\rho$-meson width on pion distributions in heavy-ion collisions
• Measurements of mass-dependent azimuthal anisotropy in central $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and ${}^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=200$ GeV
• Tests of constituent-quark generation methods which maintain both the nucleon center of mass and the desired radial distribution in Monte Carlo Glauber models
• Collective effects in light-heavy ion collisions
• Origins of collectivity in small systems
• Hydro overview
• Correlated wounded hot spots in proton-proton interactions
• Pre-equilibrium dynamics and heavy-ion observables
• Flow in small and large quark-gluon plasma droplets: the role of nucleon substructure

Cited by in corpus (77)

• Multi-system Bayesian constraints on the transport coefficients of QCD matter
• Bayesian analysis of heavy ion collisions with the heavy ion computational framework Trajectum
• A transverse momentum differential global analysis of Heavy Ion Collisions
• Transverse momentum fluctuations and their correlation with elliptic flow in nuclear collision
• The smallest fluid on earth
• Probing the partonic degrees of freedom in high multiplicity p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 5.02 TeV
• Review of proton and nuclear shape fluctuations at high energy
• Progress in the Glauber model at collider energies
• The Present and Future of QCD
• Predicting parton energy loss in small collision systems
• Constraining the quadrupole deformation of atomic nuclei with relativistic nuclear collisions
• Hot QCD Phase Diagram From Holographic Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton Models
• The QCD phase diagram and Beam Energy Scan physics: a theory overview
• Exploring New Small System Geometries in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Causality violations in realistic simulations of heavy-ion collisions
• Bayesian inference of the fluctuating proton shape
• ${}^{16}{\mathrm{O}}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ at RHIC and the LHC comparing $\alpha$ clustering vs substructure
• Exploring theoretical uncertainties in the hydrodynamic description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Higher order Symmetric Cumulants
• The hadronic nucleus-nucleus cross section and the nucleon size
• Color charge correlations in the proton at NLO: beyond geometry based intuition
• Skewness of mean transverse momentum fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Searching for small droplets of hydrodynamic fluid in proton--proton collisions at the LHC
• Hydrodynamic Attractors in Ultrarelativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Progress and Challenges in Small Systems
• Constraining the nucleon size with relativistic nuclear collisions
• Dynamical exploring the QCD matter at finite temperatures and densities-a short review
• Early-times Yang-Mills dynamics and the characterization of strongly interacting matter with statistical learning
• Multiplicity dependence of charged-particle production in pp, p-Pb, Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Efficient emulation of relativistic heavy ion collisions with transfer learning
• Exploring the compactness of $\alpha$ cluster in ${}^{16}$O nuclei with relativistic ${}^{16}$O+${}^{16}$O collisions
• Jet Drift and Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Probing the nuclear deformation with three-particle asymmetric cumulant in RHIC isobar runs
• Fluid dynamics of heavy ion collisions with Mode expansion (FluiduM)
• Hexadecapole deformation of ${}^{238}$U from relativistic heavy-ion collisions using a nonlinear response coefficient
• Proton hot spots and exclusive vector meson production
• Hot spots and gluon field fluctuations as causes of eccentricity in small systems
• Exploring the Nuclear Shape Phase Transition in Ultra-Relativistic ${}^{129}$Xe+${}^{129}$Xe Collisions at the LHC
• Causality violations in simulations of large and small heavy-ion collisions
• Longitudinal and azimuthal evolution of two-particle transverse momentum correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Phenomenological implications of asymmetric $Ad{S}_5$ shockwave collision studies for heavy ion physics
• Non-Gaussian transverse momentum fluctuations from impact parameter fluctuations
• The Skinny on Bulk Viscosity and Cavitation in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Applications of emulation and Bayesian methods in heavy-ion physics
• Pre-hydrodynamic evolution in large and small systems
• Hydrodynamic fluctuations and ultra-central flow puzzle in heavy-ion collisions
• Methods for systematic study of nuclear structure in high-energy collisions
• Accessing the speed of sound in relativistic ultracentral nucleus-nucleus collisions using the mean transverse momentum
• Assessing the ultracentral flow puzzle in hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions
• Applications of Persistent Homology in Nuclear Collisions
• Pre-hydrodynamic evolution and its impact on quark-gluon plasma signatures
• On model emulation and closure tests for 3+1D relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Multiplicity and event-scale dependent flow and jet fragmentation in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV and in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Observation of $\Lambda$ hyperon local polarization in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 8.16 TeV
• One fluid might not rule them all
• Computational budget optimization for Bayesian parameter estimation in heavy ion collisions
• Impact of Multiplicity Fluctuations on Entropy Scaling Across System Size
• Impact parameter dependence of anisotropic flow: Bayesian reconstruction in ultracentral nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Mapping properties of the quark gluon plasma in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Quantification of the low-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ pion excess in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC and top RHIC energy
• Measurements of long-range two-particle correlation over a wide pseudorapidity range in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Collective flow in single-hit QCD kinetic theory
• Ultracentral Collisions of Small and Deformed Systems at RHIC: $UU$, $dAu$, ${}^{9}BeAu$, ${}^{9}Be{}^{9}Be$, ${}^{3}He{}^{3}He$, and ${}^{3}HeAu$ Collisions
• Bayesian reconstruction of anisotropic flow fluctuations at fixed impact parameter
• The size of the quark-gluon plasma in ultracentral collisions: impact of initial density fluctuations on the average transverse momentum
• Disentangling effects of nucleon size and nucleus structure in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Probing Nuclear Geometry through Multi-Particle Azimuthal Correlations and Rapidity-Even Dipolar Flow in ${}^{16}$O+${}^{16}$O Collisions
• In-medium hadronization of heavy quarks and its effect on charmed meson and baryon distributions in heavy-ion collisions
• Impact of the pre-equilibrium phase for the determination of nuclear geometry in high-energy isobar collisions
• Universality of scaled particle spectra in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Jet momentum reconstruction in the QGP background with machine learning
• Extracting the speed of sound of QCD from transverse momentum fluctuations
• (3+1)D event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions
• Mode-by-mode evolution of Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV in a hybrid model
• Impact of spin polarization on transport and thermodynamic coefficients
• Quantifying the Quark Gluon Plasma
• Holography in Quark-Gluon Plasma and Neutron Stars