Review of proton and nuclear shape fluctuations at high energy

Abstract

Determining the inner structure of protons and nuclei in terms of their fundamental constituents has been one of the main tasks of high energy nuclear and particle physics experiments. This quest started as a mapping of the (average) parton densities as a function of longitudinal momentum fraction and resolution scale. Recently, the field has progressed to more differential imaging, where one important development is the description of the event-by-event quantum fluctuations in the wave function of the colliding hadron. In this Review, recent developments on the extraction of proton and nuclear transverse geometry with event-by-event fluctuations from collider experiments at high energy is presented. The importance of this fundamentally interesting physics in other collider experiments like in studies of the properties of the Quark Gluon Plasma is also illustrated.

arXiv comment19 pages, 13 figures. Invited review published in Reports on Progress in Physics. v2: matches published version

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Cited by in corpus (39)

• Mining for Gluon Saturation at Colliders
• The smallest fluid on earth
• Relativistic corrections to the vector meson light front wave function
• Bayesian inference of the fluctuating proton shape
• Sub-femtometer scale color charge fluctuations in a proton made of three quarks and a gluon
• Energy dependence of coherent photonuclear production of J/$\psi$ mesons in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=5.02 TeV
• Color charge correlations in the proton at NLO: beyond geometry based intuition
• Multi-scale Imaging of Nuclear Deformation at the Electron Ion Collider
• Diffractive deep inelastic scattering at NLO in the dipole picture: the $q\bar{q}g$ contribution
• Energy dependent nuclear suppression from gluon saturation in exclusive vector meson production
• Threshold Resummation for Hadron Production in the Small-$x$ Region
• Proton hot spots and exclusive vector meson production
• Hot spots and gluon field fluctuations as causes of eccentricity in small systems
• Analytical asymptotics for hard diffraction
• Investigating the structure of gluon fluctuations in the proton with incoherent diffraction at HERA
• Heavy flavor angular correlations as a direct probe of the glasma
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• First measurement of the $|t|$-dependence of incoherent J/$\psi$ photonuclear production
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• The impact of glasma on heavy flavor azimuthal correlations and spectra
• Momentum transfer squared dependence of exclusive quarkonia photoproduction in UPCs
• Global Bayesian Analysis of $\mathrm{J}/\psi$ Photoproduction on Proton and Lead Targets
• Exclusive processes in $ep$ collisions at the EIC and LHeC: A closer look on the predictions of saturation models
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