Review of proton and nuclear shape fluctuations at high energy

Abstract

Determining the inner structure of protons and nuclei in terms of their fundamental constituents has been one of the main tasks of high energy nuclear and particle physics experiments. This quest started as a mapping of the (average) parton densities as a function of longitudinal momentum fraction and resolution scale. Recently, the field has progressed to more differential imaging, where one important development is the description of the event-by-event quantum fluctuations in the wave function of the colliding hadron. In this Review, recent developments on the extraction of proton and nuclear transverse geometry with event-by-event fluctuations from collider experiments at high energy is presented. The importance of this fundamentally interesting physics in other collider experiments like in studies of the properties of the Quark Gluon Plasma is also illustrated.

19 pages, 13 figures. Invited review published in Reports on Progress in Physics. v2: matches published version

References in corpus (28)

• The Color Glass Condensate
• Elliptic and triangular flow in event-by-event (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamics
• NLO evolution of color dipoles
• Analysis of combined HERA data in the Impact-Parameter dependent Saturation model
• Imprints of fluctuating proton shapes on flow in proton-lead collisions at the LHC
• Eccentric protons? Sensitivity of flow to system size and shape in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions
• Exclusive J/$\psi$ photoproduction off protons in ultra-peripheral p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Revealing proton shape fluctuations with incoherent diffraction at high energy
• J/Psi production in ultraperipheral Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Direct numerical solution of the coordinate space Balitsky-Kovchegov equation at next to leading order
• Exclusive diffractive processes in electron-ion collisions
• Imaging the nucleus with high-energy photons
• Photon impact factor in the next-to-leading order
• Non-linear evolution in QCD at high-energy beyond leading order
• Dipole factorization for DIS at NLO: Combining the $q\bar{q}$ and $q\bar{q}g$ contributions
• Energy dependence of dissociative $J/\psi$ photoproduction as a signature of gluon saturation at the LHC
• Accessing the gluon Wigner distribution in ultraperipheral $pA$ collisions
• Diffractive Dijet Production and Wigner Distributions from the Color Glass Condensate
• Multi-gluon correlations and evidence of saturation from dijet measurements at an Electron Ion Collider
• Deep inelastic scattering in the dipole picture at next-to-leading order
• HERA data and collinearly-improved BK dynamics
• Impact analysis of TOTEM data at the LHC: black disk limit exceeded
• Investigating saturation effects in ultraperipheral collisions at the LHC with the color dipole model
• Accessing the gluonic structure of light nuclei at the Electron Ion Collider
• Ballistic protons in incoherent exclusive vector meson production as a measure of rare parton fluctuations at an Electron-Ion Collider
• Symmetric cumulants as a probe of the proton substructure at LHC energies
• Determination of electron-nucleus collision geometry with forward neutrons
• Fluctuations of the multiplicity of produced particles in onium-nucleus collisions

Cited by in corpus (39)

• Mining for Gluon Saturation at Colliders
• The smallest fluid on earth
• Relativistic corrections to the vector meson light front wave function
• Bayesian inference of the fluctuating proton shape
• Sub-femtometer scale color charge fluctuations in a proton made of three quarks and a gluon
• Energy dependence of coherent photonuclear production of J/$\psi$ mesons in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=5.02 TeV
• Color charge correlations in the proton at NLO: beyond geometry based intuition
• Multi-scale Imaging of Nuclear Deformation at the Electron Ion Collider
• Diffractive deep inelastic scattering at NLO in the dipole picture: the $q\bar{q}g$ contribution
• Energy dependent nuclear suppression from gluon saturation in exclusive vector meson production
• Threshold Resummation for Hadron Production in the Small-$x$ Region
• Proton hot spots and exclusive vector meson production
• Hot spots and gluon field fluctuations as causes of eccentricity in small systems
• Analytical asymptotics for hard diffraction
• Investigating the structure of gluon fluctuations in the proton with incoherent diffraction at HERA
• Heavy flavor angular correlations as a direct probe of the glasma
• Exclusive and dissociative J/$\psi$ photoproduction, and exclusive dimuon production, in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16$ TeV
• First measurement of the $|t|$-dependence of incoherent J/$\psi$ photonuclear production
• Cubic color charge correlator in a proton made of three quarks and a gluon
• The impact of glasma on heavy flavor azimuthal correlations and spectra
• Momentum transfer squared dependence of exclusive quarkonia photoproduction in UPCs
• Global Bayesian Analysis of $\mathrm{J}/\psi$ Photoproduction on Proton and Lead Targets
• Exclusive processes in $ep$ collisions at the EIC and LHeC: A closer look on the predictions of saturation models
• Rapidity gap distribution in diffractive dissociation: predictions for future electron-ion colliders
• Complete calculation of exclusive heavy vector meson production at next-to-leading order in the dipole picture
• Evolution of eccentricities induced by geometrical and quantum fluctuations in proton-nucleus collisions
• Probing gluon fluctuations in nuclei with the first energy-dependent measurement of incoherent J/$\psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions
• Exclusive photo- and electroproduction of excited light vector mesons via holographic model
• Multiparticle azimuthal cumulants from transverse momentum conservation and collective flow
• Exclusive $\rho$ and $J/\Psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral $pO$ and $OO$ collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Exclusive heavy vector meson production at next-to-leading order in the dipole picture
• Symmetric cumulant $s{c}_{2,4}\left\{4\right\}$ and asymmetric cumulant $a{c}_2\left\{3\right\}$ from transverse momentum conservation and flow
• Effective Field Theory Factorization for Diffraction
• Photoproduction of $J/\psi$ in d+Au ultraperipheral collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Parton evolution time dependent transverse shape asymmetry in peripheral Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
• Diffractive vector meson photo-production in oxygen-oxygen and neon-neon ultraperipheral collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Gluon imaging using azimuthal correlations in diffractive scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Energy dependence of the proton geometry in exclusive vector meson production
• Exclusive production of light vector mesons at next-to-leading order in the dipole picture