Imaging the nucleus with high-energy photons

Abstract

In the 1930's, nuclear physicists developed the first realistic atomic models, showing that nuclei were made up of protons and neutrons. In the 1960's, Deep Inelastic Scattering experiments showed that protons and neutrons had internal structure: quarks and gluons (collectively, partons), and later experiments showed that the parton momentum distributions are different in heavy nuclei, compared to those in free nucleons. This difference is not surprising; partons are sensitive to their environment, and two gluons from different nucleons may fuse together, for example. Understanding how quarks and gluons behave in the nuclear environment is a significant focus of modern nuclear physics. Recent measurements have provided us with an improved understanding of how quark and gluon densities are altered in heavy nuclei. We have also begun to make multi-dimensional pictures of the nucleus, exploring how these alterations are distributed within heavy nuclei. We naturally expect these modifications to be largest in the core of a nucleus, and smaller near its periphery; this can change the effective shape of the nucleus. We have also started to explore the transverse momentum distribution of the partons in the nuclei, and, using incoherent photoproduction as a probe, study event-by-event fluctuations in nucleon and nuclei parton densities. This article will explore recent progress in measurements of nuclear structure at high energy, with some emphasis on these multi-dimensional pictures. We will also discuss how a future electron-ion collider (EIC) with high luminosity and center-of-mass energy will make exquisitely detailed images of partons in a nucleus.

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• The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
• Precision Studies of QCD in the Low Energy Domain of the EIC
• First measurement of the $|\text{t}|$-dependence of coherent $J/\psi$ photonuclear production
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• Harmonics of Parton Saturation in Lepton-Jet Correlations at the EIC
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• Progress and Opportunities in Backward angle (u-channel) Physics
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• First measurement of the $|t|$-dependence of incoherent J/$\psi$ photonuclear production
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• Photoproduction of relativistic QED bound states in hadronic collisions
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• Global Bayesian Analysis of $\mathrm{J}/\psi$ Photoproduction on Proton and Lead Targets
• Azimuthal correlations within exclusive dijets with large momentum transfer in photon-lead collisions
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• How large is the diffractive contribution to inclusive dijet photoproduction in UPCs at the LHC?
• Measurement of exclusive $J/\psi$ and $\psi (2S)$ production at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Photoproduction of K${}^{+}$K${}^{-}$ pairs in ultra-peripheral collisions
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• Probing charmonium-like XYZ states in hadron-hadron ultraperipheral collisions and electron-proton scattering
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• Exclusive heavy vector meson production at next-to-leading order in the dipole picture
• Probing Quantum Phenomena through Photoproduction in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Impact-parameter-dependent solutions to the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation at next-to-leading order
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• Associated $\varphi$ and $J/\Psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral $PbPb$ collisions at the Large Hadron Collider and Future Circular Collider
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• The energy dependence of exclusive heavy vector meson photoproduction cross-sections and NLO BFKL evolution
• The impact of future $D$- and $B$-meson measurements with the SMOG2 program at LHCb on the determination of nuclear parton distribution functions
• Photoproduction of $J/\psi$ in d+Au ultraperipheral collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Coherent J/$\psi$ photoproduction at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Gluon imaging using azimuthal correlations in diffractive scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider
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• Exclusive production of light vector mesons at next-to-leading order in the dipole picture
• Illuminating the charged leptons in the proton
• Probing nuclear structure with the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation in full impact-parameter dependence
• Muon trident process at far-forward LHC detectors
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