Causal viscous hydrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions for relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract

We explore the effects of shear viscosity on the hydrodynamic evolution and final hadron spectra of Cu+Cu collisions at ultrarelativistic collision energies, using the newly developed (2+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic code VISH2+1. Based on the causal Israel-Stewart formalism, this code describes the transverse evolution of longitudinally boost-invariant systems without azimuthal symmetry around the beam direction. Shear viscosity is shown to decelerate the longitudinal and accelerate the transverse hydrodynamic expansion. For fixed initial conditions, this leads to a longer quark-gluon plasma (QGP) lifetime, larger radial flow in the final state, and flatter transverse momentum spectra for the emitted hadrons compared to ideal fluid dynamic simulations. We find that the elliptic flow coefficient v_2 is particularly sensitive to shear viscosity: even the lowest value allowed by the AdS/CFT conjecture, eta/s=1/4pi, suppresses v_2 enough to have significant consequences for the phenomenology of heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. A comparison between our numerical results and earlier analytic estimates of viscous effects within a blast-wave model parametrization of the expanding fireball at freeze-out reveals that the full dynamical theory leads to much tighter constraints for the specific shear viscosity eta/s, thereby supporting the notion that the quark-gluon plasma created at RHIC exhibits almost ``perfect fluidity''.

27 pages, 25 figures. Some typos in v1 corrected, minor changes to address referee comments. This version accepted by Phys. Rev. C

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• Formulation of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics and its applications in heavy-ion collisions
• Squeezed back-to-back correlations of $K^{+}$$K^{-}$ in d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV and Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=62.4$ GeV
• Hybrid model with viscous relativistic hydrodynamics: a role of constraints on the shear-stress tensor
• Hadron momentum spectra from analytical solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics
• Parton-hadron matter in- and out-off equilibrium
• Finite-Density Dynamics of Chemically Equilibrating QGP in Conformal Gubser Flow and Hard Thermal Photon Production
• Investigating the correlations of flow harmonics in 2.76A TeV Pb--Pb collisions
• Viscosity at RHIC: Theory and Practice
• Partonic transport model application to heavy flavor
• Relativistic Viscous Hydrodynamics for High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
• Holography in Quark-Gluon Plasma and Neutron Stars
• Can high-$p_{\perp }$ theory and data constrain $\eta /s$?
• Particle spectra in the integrated hydrokinetic model at RHIC Beam-Energy-Scan energies
• Finite $V_{2\Delta }$ puzzle in low-multiplicity pp collisions from ultra-long-range azimuthal correlations in the string-shoving model