Pre-hydrodynamic evolution in large and small systems

Abstract

We extend our previous investigation of the effects of pre-hydrodynamic evolution on final-state observables in heavy-ion collisions to smaller systems. We use a state-of-the-art hybrid model for the numerical simulations with optimal parameters obtained from a previous Bayesian study. By studying p-Pb collisions, we find that the effects due to the assumption of a conformal evolution in the pre-hydrodynamical stage are even more important in small systems. We also show that this effect depends on the time duration of the pre-equilibrium stage, which is further enhanced in small systems. Finally, we show that the recent proposal of a free-streaming with subluminal velocity for the pre-equilibrium stage, thus effectively breaking conformal invariance, can alleviate the contamination of final state observables. Our study further reinforces the need for moving beyond conformal approaches in pre-equilibrium dynamics modeling, especially when extracting transport coefficients from hybrid models in the high-precision era of heavy-ion collisions.

arXiv comment15 pages, 14 figures

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• (3+1)D event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions