Coupled Boltzmann Transport Equations of Heavy Quarks and Quarkonia in Quark-Gluon Plasma

Abstract

We develop a framework of coupled transport equations for open heavy flavor and quarkonium states, in order to describe their transport inside the quark-gluon plasma. Our framework is capable of studying simultaneously both open and hidden heavy flavor observables in heavy-ion collision experiments and can account for both, uncorrelated and correlated recombination. Our recombination implementation depends on real-time open heavy quark and antiquark distributions. We carry out consistency tests to show how the interplay among open heavy flavor transport, quarkonium dissociation and recombination drives the system to equilibrium. We then apply our framework to study bottomonium production in heavy-ion collisions. We include ${\rm Y}(1S)$, ${\rm Y}(2S)$, ${\rm Y}(3S)$, ${\chi }_b(1P)$ and ${\chi }_b(2P)$ in the framework and take feed-down contributions during the hadronic gas stage into account. Cold nuclear matter effects are included by using nuclear parton distribution functions for the initial primordial heavy flavor production. A calibrated $2+1$ dimensional viscous hydrodynamics is used to describe the bulk QCD medium. We calculate both the nuclear modification factor $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of all bottomonia states and the azimuthal angular anisotropy coefficient $v_2$ of the ${\rm Y}(1S)$ state and find that our results agree reasonably with experimental measurements. Our calculations indicate that correlated cross-talk recombination is an important production mechanism of bottomonium in current heavy-ion experiments. The importance of correlated recombination can be tested experimentally by measuring the ratio of $R_{\mathrm{AA}}({\chi }_b(1P))$ and $R_{\mathrm{AA}}({\rm Y}(2S))$.

36 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables; v2: changed to JHEP format, added a few references; v3: uncertainty analysis added, new measurement proposal to test correlated recombination; v4: minor change in Fig.7c and relevant discussions; v5: published version; link to the major part of the code: https://github.com/4KColo/Quarkonium_cython

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Cited by in corpus (47)

• The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
• Heavy quarks and jets as probes of the QGP
• Quantum simulation of non-equilibrium dynamics and thermalization in the Schwinger model
• Heavy-Quark Diffusion in the Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Open Quantum Systems for Quarkonia
• The QCD phase diagram and Beam Energy Scan physics: a theory overview
• Heavy quark potential in quark-gluon Plasma: Deep neural network meets lattice quantum chromodynamics
• Bottomonium production in heavy-ion collisions using quantum trajectories: Differential observables and momentum anisotropy
• Quantum simulation of open quantum systems in heavy-ion collisions
• Quarkonium Semiclassical Transport in Quark-Gluon Plasma: Factorization and Quantum Correction
• Non-Abelian Electric Field Correlator at NLO for Dark Matter Relic Abundance and Quarkonium Transport
• Heavy quarkonium dynamics at next-to-leading order in the binding energy over temperature
• Bound-state effects on dark matter coannihilation: Pushing the boundaries of conversion-driven freeze-out
• X(3872) Production in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Regeneration of bottomonia in an open quantum systems approach
• Measurement of sequential ${\rm Y}$ suppression in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 200 GeV with the STAR experiment
• Heavy quark diffusion coefficient in heavy-ion collisions via kinetic theory
• Ballistic diffusion of heavy quarks in the early stage of relativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC
• Bottomonium suppression and elliptic flow using Heavy Quarkonium Quantum Dynamics
• Simulation of Lindblad equations for quarkonium in the quark-gluon plasma
• Real Time Quarkonium Transport Coefficients in Open Quantum Systems from Euclidean QCD
• Liouvillian Dynamics of the Open Schwinger Model: String Breaking and Kinetic Dissipation in a Thermal Medium
• Observation of the B${}_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}$ meson in PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 5.02 TeV and measurement of its nuclear modification factor
• Production of ${\rm Y}(\text{nS})$ mesons in Pb+Pb and $pp$ collisions at 5.02 TeV
• Observation of the ${\rm Y}$(3S) meson and suppression of ${\rm Y}$ states in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Chromoelectric field correlator for quarkonium transport in the strongly coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ Yang-Mills plasma from AdS/CFT
• Probe the color screening in proton-nucleus collisions with complex potentials
• Dynamics of in-medium quarkonia in SU(3) and SU(2) gauge theories
• Quarkonium dynamics in the quantum Brownian regime with non-abelian quantum master equations
• The impact of fluctuating initial conditions on bottomonium suppression in 5.02 TeV heavy-ion collisions
• Fireball tomography from bottomonia elliptic flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Generalized Gluon Distribution for Quarkonium Dynamics in Strongly Coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ Yang-Mills Theory
• Bottomonium suppression at RHIC and LHC in an open quantum system approach
• Quarkonium Polarization in Medium from Open Quantum Systems and Chromomagnetic Correlators
• Open quantum system approach for heavy quark thermalization
• Transverse momentum dependent feed-down fractions for bottomonium production
• Probing QGP droplets with charmonium in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions
• Bottomonium transport in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
• Non-thermal distributions of charm and charmonium in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Energy loss of heavy quarkonia in hot QCD plasmas
• Observation of the charged-particle multiplicity dependence of ${\sigma }_{\psi (2S)}/{\sigma }_{\text{J}/\psi }$ in pPb collisions at 8.16 TeV
• Hadronic effects on charmonium elliptic flows in heavy-ion collisions
• Nuclear modification of $B_c$ mesons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions based on a linear Boltzmann transport model
• Holographic bottomonium formation in a cooling strong-interaction medium at finite baryon density
• Nonequilibrium evolution of quarkonium in medium
• Anisotropic flows of charmonium in the relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• A simple model to include initial-state and hot-medium effects in the computation of quarkonium nuclear modification factor