Fluid Dynamics and Viscosity in Strongly Correlated Fluids

Abstract

We review the modern view of fluid dynamics as an effective low energy, long wavelength theory of many body systems at finite temperature. We introduce the concept of a nearly perfect fluid, defined by a ratio $\eta /s$ of shear viscosity to entropy density of order $\hslash /k_B$ or less. Nearly perfect fluids exhibit hydrodynamic behavior at all distances down to the microscopic length scale of the fluid. We summarize arguments that suggest that there is fundamental limit to fluidity, and we review the current experimental situation of measurements of $\eta /s$ in strongly coupled quantum fluids.

arXiv comment71 pages, prepared for Annual Reviews of Nuclear and Particle Science; Arxiv version contains additional endnotes and references. (Second revised version: Final version for Annual Reviews, minor corrections and additional figures, endnotes expanded and new references.)

References in corpus (198)

• Many-Body Physics with Ultracold Gases
• Viscosity in Strongly Interacting Quantum Field Theories from Black Hole Physics
• Theory of ultracold Fermi gases
• The effects of topological charge change in heavy ion collisions: "Event by event P and CP violation"
• Shear viscosity of strongly coupled N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma
• Glauber Modeling in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
• Color superconductivity in dense quark matter
• Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Nonlinear Fluid Dynamics from Gravity
• The chiral and deconfinement aspects of the QCD transition
• Viscosity Information from Relativistic Nuclear Collisions: How Perfect is the Fluid Observed at RHIC?
• Thermal phenomenology of hadrons from 200 AGeV S+S collisions
• Observation of a Strongly-Interacting Degenerate Fermi Gas of Atoms
• Hydrodynamics with Triangle Anomalies
• From AdS/CFT correspondence to hydrodynamics
• Elliptic flow of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV
• The QCD transition temperature: results with physical masses in the continuum limit
• Relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, conformal invariance, and holography
• Gravity duals for non-relativistic CFTs
• Energy loss of a heavy quark moving through N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma
• Hydrodynamic Modeling of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• How Much do Heavy Quarks Thermalize in a Heavy Ion Collision?
• Revealing the Superfluid Lambda Transition in the Universal Thermodynamics of a Unitary Fermi Gas
• Hadron production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and high density QCD
• Elliptic Flow of Identified Hadrons in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Large momentum part of fermions with large scattering length
• The Effect of Shear Viscosity on Spectra, Elliptic Flow, and HBT Radii
• Quasinormal modes and holography
• Transport coefficients in high temperature gauge theories: (II) Beyond leading log
• Azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at sqrtsNN = 200 GeV
• Drag force in AdS/CFT
• Derivation of transient relativistic fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equation
• Transport coefficients in high temperature gauge theories: (I) Leading-log results
• Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions
• Collective excitations of a degenerate gas at the BEC-BCS crossover
• Bottom-up thermalization in heavy ion collisions
• Event-by-event anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions from combined Yang-Mills and viscous fluid dynamics
• Viscosity Bound Violation in Higher Derivative Gravity
• QCD Equation of State and Hadron Resonance Gas
• Viscosity, Black Holes, and Quantum Field Theory
• Fluid dynamics of R-charged black holes
• New Developments in Relativistic Viscous Hydrodynamics
• Universality of the shear viscosity in supergravity
• Causal viscous hydrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions for relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Multiplicity and transverse-momentum dependence of two- and four-particle correlations in pPb and PbPb collisions
• Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy for charged particle production in sqrt(s_NN) = 2.76 TeV lead-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector
• Universality of the hydrodynamic limit in AdS/CFT and the membrane paradigm
• Heavy Quark Diffusion in Strongly Coupled $\mathbb{N}=4$ Yang Mills
• Thermalization of gluons in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions by including three-body interactions in a parton cascade
• Hadronic dissipative effects on elliptic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Nearly Perfect Fluidity: From Cold Atomic Gases to Hot Quark Gluon Plasmas
• Elliptic flow at SPS and RHIC: from kinetic transport to hydrodynamics
• A calculation of the bulk viscosity in SU(3) gluodynamics
• Simulating elliptic flow with viscous hydrodynamics
• Effect of curvature squared corrections in AdS on the viscosity of the dual gauge theory
• The pressure of hot QCD up to g^6 ln(1/g)
• Fully integrated transport approach to heavy ion reactions with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage
• Suppression of elliptic flow in a minimally viscous quark-gluon plasma
• A calculation of the shear viscosity in SU(3) gluodynamics
• Gravity & Hydrodynamics: Lectures on the fluid-gravity correspondence
• From Quantum Field Theory to Hydrodynamics: Transport Coefficients and Effective Kinetic Theory
• Holography and colliding gravitational shock waves in asymptotically AdS_5 spacetime
• General coordinate invariance and conformal invariance in nonrelativistic physics: Unitary Fermi gas
• Nonrelativistic conformal field theories
• Universal Quantum Viscosity in a Unitary Fermi Gas
• Dissipative Dynamics of Highly Anisotropic Systems
• The characteristics of thermalization of boost-invariant plasma from holography
• Coupling constant dependence of the shear viscosity in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory
• Saturation of Elliptic Flow and the Transport Opacity of the Gluon Plasma at RHIC
• The Bulk Viscosity of High-Temperature QCD
• Mapping the hydrodynamic response to the initial geometry in heavy-ion collisions
• Universal Spin Transport in a Strongly Interacting Fermi Gas
• Towards hydrodynamics without an entropy current
• Exact Relations for a Strongly-interacting Fermi Gas from the Operator Product Expansion
• Highly-anisotropic and strongly-dissipative hydrodynamics for early stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Thermal dilepton rate and electrical conductivity: An analysis of vector current correlation functions in quenched lattice QCD
• Comparison of the Color Glass Condensate to di-hadron correlations in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions
• Testing the chiral magnetic and chiral vortical effects in heavy ion collisions
• The Importance of Correlations and Fluctuations on the Initial Source Eccentricity in High-Energy Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
• Dynamics of Hot Bulk QCD Matter: from the Quark-Gluon Plasma to Hadronic Freeze-Out
• Spectral functions at small energies and the electrical conductivity in hot, quenched lattice QCD
• Second Order Dissipative Fluid Dynamics for Ultra-Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Multiplicity scaling in ideal and viscous hydrodynamics
• Hydrodynamics of R-charged black holes
• Bulk viscosity of gauge theory plasma at strong coupling
• Symmetry constraints on generalizations of Bjorken flow
• Thermal Hadron Production in High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
• Quasinormal Modes of Near Extremal Black Branes
• Effective field theory for hydrodynamics: thermodynamics, and the derivative expansion
• Strongly Correlated Quantum Fluids: Ultracold Quantum Gases, Quantum Chromodynamic Plasmas, and Holographic Duality
• Non linearities in the harmonic spectrum of heavy ion collisions with ideal and viscous hydrodynamics
• Hydrodynamic gradient expansion in gauge theory plasmas
• Fluctuating lattice Boltzmann
• Nonrelativistic effective Lagrangians
• Expansion of an interacting Fermi gas
• Elliptic flow and incomplete equilibration at RHIC
• Transport Properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma -- A Lattice QCD Perspective
• Heavy ions and string theory
• Relativistic Theory of Hydrodynamic Fluctuations with Applications to Heavy Ion Collisions
• Dissipative hydrodynamics for viscous relativistic fluids
• Causality of Holographic Hydrodynamics
• Conformal hydrodynamics in Minkowski and de Sitter spacetimes
• Dynamic universality class of the QCD critical point
• A fully dynamical simulation of central nuclear collisions
• Viscosity and scale invariance in the unitary Fermi gas
• From full stopping to transparency in a holographic model of heavy ion collisions
• Extracting the QGP viscosity from RHIC data -- a status report from viscous hydrodynamics
• Thermalization in Weakly Coupled Nonabelian Plasmas
• The stickiness of sound: An absolute lower limit on viscosity and the breakdown of second order relativistic hydrodynamics
• Transport coefficients, spectral functions and the lattice
• Quantum corrections to eta/s
• Second order hydrodynamic coefficients from kinetic theory
• Finite Temperature Spectral Densities of Momentum and R-Charge Correlators in $\mathbb{N}=4$ Yang Mills Theory
• Hydrodynamic Fluctuations, Long-time Tails, and Supersymmetry
• Spectral sum rules for the quark-gluon plasma
• Elliptic flow of thermal photons in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Vanishing bulk viscosities and conformal invariance of unitary Fermi gas
• Measurement of the Homogeneous Contact of a Unitary Fermi gas
• Viscous hydrodynamics relaxation time from AdS/CFT
• Interference effects in medium-induced gluon radiation
• The physics of the centrality dependence of elliptic flow
• Dynamic critical phenomena at a holographic critical point
• Resolving disagreement for eta/s in a CFT plasma at finite coupling
• Breakdown of Hydrodynamics in the Radial Breathing Mode of a Strongly-Interacting Fermi Gas
• The Shear Viscosity to Entropy Ratio: A Status Report
• Elliptic flow in 200 A GeV Au+Au collisions and 2.76 A TeV Pb+Pb collisions: insights from viscous hydrodynamics + hadron cascade hybrid model
• Collective oscillations of a classical gas confined in harmonic traps
• From gauge-string duality to strong interactions: a Pedestrian's Guide
• Collective oscillations of a trapped Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance
• Viscosity of strongly interacting quantum fluids: spectral functions and sum rules
• Viscous relaxation and collective oscillations in a trapped Fermi gas near the unitarity limit
• The Shear Viscosity to Entropy Density Ratio of Trapped Fermions in the Unitarity Limit
• Shear viscosity of a superfluid Fermi gas in the unitarity limit
• Shear viscosity and damping for a Fermi gas in the unitarity limit
• Low-Energy Quantum Effective Action for Relativistic Superfluids
• Thermal spectral functions of strongly coupled N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory
• Collective oscillations of a trapped Fermi gas near the unitary limit
• Relativistic (Lattice) Boltzmann Equation with Non-Ideal Equation of State
• Real-time pion propagation in finite-temperature QCD
• Is there a "most perfect fluid" consistent with quantum field theory?
• Viscosity and Thermal Relaxation for a resonantly interacting Fermi gas
• Extracting the shear viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma from flow in ultra-central heavy-ion collisions
• Transverse Momentum of Protons, Pions and Kaons in High Multiplicity pp and pA Collisions: Evidence for the Color Glass Condensate?
• Collision Energy Dependence of Viscous Hydrodynamic Flow in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Shear viscosity of boost invariant plasma at finite coupling
• Momentum Distribution and Contact of the Unitary Fermi gas
• Spectral densities for hot QCD plasmas in a leading log approximation
• Lovelock theories, holography and the fate of the viscosity bound
• Early collective expansion: Relativistic hydrodynamics and the transport properties of QCD matter
• A fully relativistic lattice Boltzmann algorithm
• Dynamics of a classical gas including dissipative and mean field effects
• Is a gas of strongly interacting atomic fermions a nearly perfect fluid?
• Hydrodynamics at RHIC and LHC: What have we learned?
• Observation of conformal symmetry breaking and scale invariance in expanding Fermi gases
• Thermodynamics of the high-temperature quark-gluon plasma
• Anomalous minimum in the shear viscosity of a Fermi gas
• Radiative parton processes in perturbative QCD - an improved version of the Gunion and Bertsch cross section from comparisons to the exact result
• Short-range correlations and entropy in ultracold atomic Fermi gases
• Fluid Dynamics for Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Current response, structure factor and hydrodynamic quantities of a two- and three-dimensional Fermi gas from the operator-product expansion
• Universal Fermi Gas with Two- and Three-Body Resonances
• String theory embeddings of non-relativistic field theories and their holographic Horava gravity duals
• Hydrodynamic fluctuations and the minimum shear viscosity of the dilute Fermi gas at unitarity
• Thermal Conductivity and Sound Attenuation in Dilute Atomic Fermi Gases
• Frequency and damping of the Scissors Mode of a Fermi gas
• A sticky business: the status of the conjectured viscosity/entropy density bound
• Spin diffusion in Fermi gases
• Density Functional Theory for non-relativistic Fermions in the Unitarity Limit
• Comment on "Is There a "Most Perfect Fluid" Consistent with Quantum Field Theory?"
• A scaling relation between pA and AA collisions
• Hydrodynamics of nuclear matter in the chiral limit
• Ultrasoft Amplitudes in Hot QCD
• The Unitary Gas and its Symmetry Properties
• Second order hydrodynamic coefficients from 3-point stress tensor correlators via AdS/CFT
• The Fate of the Initial State Perturbations in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Perfect Fluids and Bad Metals: Transport Analogies Between Ultracold Fermi Gases and High $T_c$ Superconductors
• Relativistic fluctuating hydrodynamics with memory functions and colored noises
• The temperature evolution of the shear viscosity in a unitary Fermi gas
• Equivalence Relations for the Classical Capacity of Single-Mode Gaussian Quantum channels
• Towards a gravity dual of the unitary Fermi gas
• Dissipative fluid dynamics for the dilute Fermi gas at unitarity: Free expansion and rotation
• Viscosity of an ideal relativistic quantum fluid: A perturbative study
• Analyzing the Power Spectrum of the Little Bangs
• Scaling Flows and Dissipation in the Dilute Fermi Gas at Unitarity
• How (non-) linear is the hydrodynamics of heavy ion collisions?
• The shear channel spectral function in hot Yang-Mills theory
• Charged black holes in Horava gravity
• Viscosity spectral functions of the dilute Fermi gas in kinetic theory
• Conformal symmetry and non-relativistic second order fluid dynamics
• On the violation of the holographic viscosity versus entropy KSS bound in non relativistic systems
• Second order fluid dynamics for the unitary Fermi gas from kinetic theory
• Elliptic flow of the dilute Fermi gas: From kinetics to hydrodynamics
• Complex deformations of Bjorken flow
• Bulk viscosity and conformal symmetry breaking in the dilute Fermi gas near unitarity
• Two Transitions in the Damping of a Unitary Fermi Gas
• Bogoliubov Choh Uhlenbeck Theory: Cradle of Modern Kinetic Theory
• Sound propagation in a Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance
• Does parton saturation at high density explain hadron multiplicities at LHC?

Cited by in corpus (41)

• Properties of hot and dense matter from relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Multi-system Bayesian constraints on the transport coefficients of QCD matter
• Relativistic hydrodynamics in heavy-ion collisions: general aspects and recent developments
• Transport Coefficients in Yang--Mills Theory and QCD
• Hydrodynamic approach to two-dimensional electron systems
• On the universal identity in second order hydrodynamics
• Out-of-bounds hydrodynamics in anisotropic Dirac fluids
• Closing the equations of motion of anisotropic fluid dynamics by a judicious choice of moment of the Boltzmann equation
• Transport coefficients of a hot QCD medium and their relative significance in heavy-ion collisions
• High-temperature expansion of the viscosity in interacting quantum gases
• Modeling the diffusive dynamics of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point
• Non-hydrodynamic transport in trapped unitary Fermi gases
• Angular Momentum in QGP Holography
• Determination of the density and temperature dependence of the shear viscosity of a unitary Fermi gas based on hydrodynamic flow
• Absence of a quantum limit to charge diffusion in bad metals
• Shear viscosity of nucleonic matter
• Initialization of hydrodynamics in relativistic heavy ion collisions with an energy-momentum transport model
• Dissipative relativistic magnetohydrodynamics of a multicomponent mixture and its application to neutron stars
• Shear viscosity from nuclear stopping
• Quantum critical scaling and holographic bound for transport coefficients near Lifshitz points
• Non-boost-invariant dissipative hydrodynamics
• Shear flows in far-from-equilibrium strongly coupled fluids
• Hydrodynamic Attractor in a Hubble Expansion
• Applications of emulation and Bayesian methods in heavy-ion physics
• Second order fluid dynamics for the unitary Fermi gas from kinetic theory
• Causal Relativistic Hydrodynamics of Conformal Fermi-Dirac Gases
• Minkowski and Galilei/Newton Fluid Dynamics: A Geometric 3+1 Spacetime Perspective
• Elliptic flow in a strongly-interacting normal Bose gas
• Violation of the viscosity/entropy bound in translationally invariant non-Fermi liquids
• Corbino magnetoresistance in neutral graphene
• Shear viscosity of strongly interacting fermionic quantum fluids
• Green-Kubo formula for Boltzmann and Fermi-Dirac statistics
• Viscosity spectral function of a scale invariant non-relativistic fluid from holography
• Flow and vorticity with varying chemical potential in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Unitary Fermi superfluid near the critical temperature: thermodynamics and sound modes from elementary excitations
• Dissipative superfluid hydrodynamics for the unitary Fermi gas
• Parton-medium cross section and average QGP viscosity in lead-lead collisions at LHC
• Dissipative Charged Fluid in a Magnetic Field
• How many particles do make a fluid? Qualifying collective behavior in expanding ultracold gases
• Multicomponent Superfluids and Superconductors in Dense Nuclear and Quark Matter
• Elliptic flow from Coulomb interaction and low density elastic scattering