Revealing the Superfluid Lambda Transition in the Universal Thermodynamics of a Unitary Fermi Gas

Abstract

We have observed the superfluid phase transition in a strongly interacting Fermi gas via high-precision measurements of the local compressibility, density and pressure down to near-zero entropy. Our data completely determine the universal thermodynamics of strongly interacting fermions without any fit or external thermometer. The onset of superfluidity is observed in the compressibility, the chemical potential, the entropy, and the heat capacity. In particular, the heat capacity displays a characteristic lambda-like feature at the critical temperature of $T_c/T_F=0.167(13)$. This is the first clear thermodynamic signature of the superfluid transition in a spin-balanced atomic Fermi gas. Our measurements provide a benchmark for many-body theories on strongly interacting fermions, relevant for problems ranging from high-temperature superconductivity to the equation of state of neutron stars.

11 pages, 8 figures

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• Causality, universality, and effective field theory for van der Waals interactions
• Numerical study of unitary fermions in one spatial dimension
• Dip-hump temperature dependence of Specific Heat and Effects of Pairing Fluctuations in the Weak-coupling Side of a $p$-wave Interacting Fermi Gas
• Quantum Bose and Fermi gases with large negative scattering length in the 2-body S-matrix approximation
• Energy fluctuation and discontinuity of specific heat
• Unitary thermodynamics from thermodynamic geometry II: Fit to a local density approximation
• Spin-dipole mode in a trapped Fermi gas near unitarity
• Signatures of Fermion Pairing with Unconventional Symmetry around BCS-BEC Crossover in a Quasi-2D Lattice
• Temperature dependence of $p$-wave contacts in a harmonically trapped Fermi gas
• Criteria of off-diagonal long-range order in Bose and Fermi systems based on the Lee-Yang cluster expansion method
• Shock waves in colliding Fermi gases at finite temperature
• Strong-coupling Properties of a $p$-wave Interacting Fermi Gas on the Viewpoint of Specific Heat at Constant Volume
• Unitary limit and linear scaling of neutrons in harmonic trap with tuned CD-Bonn and square-well interactions
• Tuning Dissipation and Excitations in Superfluid Fermi Gases with a Moving Impurity
• Equation of state of non-relativistic matter from automated perturbation theory and complex Langevin
• Emergence of Sound in a Tunable Fermi Fluid
• The Fermi Gases and Superfluids: Short Review of Experiment and Theory for Condensed Matter Physicists
• Nonrelativistic fermions with holographic interactions and the unitary Fermi gas
• Second-order virial expansion for an atomic gas in a harmonic waveguide
• Characterizing ultra-narrow momentum of atoms by standing-wave light-pulse sequences
• Unitary Fermi superfluid near the critical temperature: thermodynamics and sound modes from elementary excitations
• Constrained extrapolation problem and order-dependent mappings
• Isothermal compressibility and effects of multi-body molecular interactions in a strongly interacting ultracold Fermi gas
• Superfluid density reduction and spin-imbalanced pairing in a fermionic superfluid due to dynamical boson exchange
• Feshbach resonances in an ultracold ${}^7$Li-${}^{133}$Cs Bose-Bose mixture
• How to measure the free energy and partition function from atom-atom correlations
• Attenuating Dynamics of Strongly Interacting Fermionic Superfluids in SYK Solvable Models
• Second sound in the BEC-BCS crossover
• Single-shot determination of quantum phases via continuous measurements
• Thermodynamic Properties of Universal Fermi Gases
• Effects of dilute neutron matter on the neutron star crust equation of state
• Energetics of three interacting mass-imbalanced bodies in a three-dimensional spherical harmonic trap
• BCS-BEC crossover of the strongly interacting ${}^6$Li-${}^{40}$K mixture
• Dissipative superfluid hydrodynamics for the unitary Fermi gas
• Calorimetry of a harmonically trapped Bose gas
• Mutual friction and vortex Hall angle in a strongly interacting Fermi superfluid
• Cold atoms beyond atomic physics
• Specific Heat and Effects of Uniaxial Anisotropy of a $p$-wave Pairing Interaction in a Strongly Interacting Ultracold Fermi Gas
• Kovtun-Son-Starinets Conjecture and Effects of Mass Imbalance in the Normal State of an Ultracold Fermi Gas in the BCS-BEC Crossover Region
• Dynamics of large samples of repulsive Fermi gases at nonzero temperatures
• Fourth cluster and virial coefficients of a unitary Fermi gas for an arbitrary mass ratio
• Effects of Efimov states on quench dynamics in a three-boson trapped system
• Comment on "Excitation Spectrum and Superfluid Gap of an Ultracold Fermi Gas"
• Superfluid-Normal Quantum Phase Transitions in an Imbalanced Fermi Gas
• Quasiclassical molecular dynamics for the dilute Fermi gas at unitarity
• Peaks and widths of radio-frequency spectra: An analysis of the phase diagram of ultra-cold Fermi gases
• Toward an automated-algebra framework for high orders in the virial expansion of quantum matter
• Tunable high-temperature thermodynamics of weakly-interacting dipolar gases
• Hartree shift and pairing gap in ultracold Fermi gases in the framework of low-momentum interactions
• Probing the critical exponent of superfluid fraction in a strongly interacting Fermi gas
• Strong Coupling Effects on the Specific Heat of an Ultracold Fermi Gas in the Unitarity Limit
• Quench Dynamics of Thermal Bose Gases Across Wide and Narrow Feshbach
• A lattice pairing-field approach to ultracold Fermi gases
• Optimal temperature estimation in polariton Bose-Einstein Condensate
• The normal state of attractive Fermi gases from coupled-cluster theory
• Linear response of a superfluid Fermi gas inside its pair-breaking continuum
• Nearly order from quantum disorder phenomena and its observation in a bosonic quantum anomalous Hall system
• A phenomenological approach to the equation of state of a unitary Fermi gas
• Normal-state Properties of a Unitary Bose-Fermi Mixture: A Combined Strong-coupling Approach with Universal Thermodynamics
• An Effective Series Expansion to the Equation of State of Unitary Fermi Gases
• Faraday Waves in strongly interacting superfluids
• Random walk of a massive quasiparticle in the phonon gas of an ultralow temperature superfluid
• Bragg spectroscopy and pair-breaking-continuum mode in a superfluid Fermi gas
• First and second sound of a unitary Fermi gas in highly elongated harmonic traps
• Superfluid (Amplitude) Fluctuations Above $T_c$ in a Unitary Fermi Gas
• Dimer-projection contact and the clock shift of a unitary Fermi gas
• Local energy density functional for superfluid Fermi gases from effective field theory
• Hole-induced anomaly in the thermodynamic behavior of a one-dimensional Bose gas
• Equivalence of dissipative and dissipationless dynamics of interacting quantum systems with its application to the unitary Fermi gas
• Proton fraction in neutron star matter: Dynamical mean-field approach
• Fluctuation-induced first-order superfluid transition in unitary $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ Fermi gases
• Low Energy Continuum and Lattice Effective Field Theories
• Characterizing Real-space Topology in Rice-Mele Model by Thermodynamics
• Spin susceptibility and effects of inhomogeneous strong pairing fluctuations in a trapped ultracold Fermi gas
• Dynamics of a solitonic vortex in an anisotropically trapped superfluid
• Two-band atomic superfluidity in the presence of an orbital Feshbach resonance
• Arbitrary interaction quench phenomena in harmonically trapped two-body systems
• Functional renormalization group equations for antisymmetric tensor field models at finite temperature
• Energy Dynamics of a Nonequilibrium Unitary Fermi Gas
• Many-body perturbation theory for strongly correlated effective Hamiltonians using effective field theory methods
• The inverse-square interaction phase diagram: unitarity in the bosonic ground state
• Weighted Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method for interacting fermions: An application to ultracold Fermi superfluids
• Small amplitude collective modes of a finite-size unitary Fermi gas in deformed traps
• Joule expansion of a quantum gas
• Renormalization group approach to the normal phase of 2D Fermi gases
• Phase spreading and temporal coherence of a pair-condensed Fermi gas at low temperature
• Ab initio study of the neutron and Fermi polarons on the lattice
• Anomalous isothermal compressibility in spin-orbit coupled degenerate Fermi gases
• Matter wave interference of dilute Bose gases in the critical regime
• Mechanisms of anomalous three-body loss in a population-imbalanced three-component Fermi gas
• Strong Fulde-Ferrell Larkin-Ovchinnikov pairing fluctuations in polarized Fermi systems
• Strong coupling effects on specific heat in the BCS-BEC crossover
• Particle-hole origin of thermal beating in dipole-compression modes of a 1D Bose gas
• Quantum simulation of the Hubbard model with ultracold fermions in optical lattices