Self-consistent conversion of a viscous fluid to particles

Abstract

Comparison of hydrodynamic and "hybrid" hydrodynamics+transport calculations to heavy-ion data inevitably requires the conversion of the fluid to particles. For dissipative fluids the conversion is ambiguous without additional theory input complementing hydrodynamics. We obtain self-consistent shear viscous phase space corrections from linearized Boltzmann transport theory for a gas of hadrons. These corrections depend on the particle species, and incorporating them in Cooper-Frye freezeout affects identified particle observables. For example, with additive quark model cross sections,proton elliptic flow is larger than pion elliptic flow at moderately high $p_T$ in $Au+Au$ collisions at RHIC. This is in contrast to Cooper-Frye freezeout with the commonly used "democratic Grad" ansatz that assumes no species dependence. Various analytic and numerical results are also presented for massless and massive two-component mixtures to aid the interpretation. Self-consistent viscous corrections for each species are tabulated in Appendix F for convenient inclusion in pure hydrodynamic and hybrid calculations.

Typo fixes and ambiguous language clarified, updated grant number and references, added Section IV-C with Fig. 4 as well as Section V-C with Fig. 9, Tables in Appendix G in single column journal style. (15 EPS plots, 33 pages, RevTeX style)

References in corpus (6)

• Hydrodynamic Models for Heavy Ion Collisions
• Bulk Viscosity Effects in Event-by-Event Relativistic Hydrodynamics
• The applicability of causal dissipative hydrodynamics to relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Hadron spectra and elliptic flow for 200 A GeV Au+Au collisions from viscous hydrodynamics coupled to a Boltzmann cascade
• Photon production from an anisotropic quark-gluon plasma
• Dissipative effects from transport and viscous hydrodynamics

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