Development of transverse flow at small and large opacities in conformal kinetic theory

Abstract

We employ an effective kinetic description, based on the Boltzmann equation in the relaxation time approximation, to study the space-time dynamics and development of transverse flow of small and large collision systems. By combining analytical insights in the small opacity limit with numerical simulations at larger opacities, we are able to describe the development of transverse flow from very small to very large opacities. Suprisingly, we find that deviations between kinetic theory and hydrodynamics persist even in the limit of very large opacities, which can be attributed to the presence of the early pre-equilibrium phase.

37 pages, 14 figures; changes v2: added appendix E, minor corrections; changes v3: added figure and discussion at the end of section V, minor changes to e.g. figure captions, version to appear in Phys. Rev. D

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• Fast kinetic simulator for relativistic matter
• Pre-Equilibrium Evolution of Conserved Charges with ICCING Initial Conditions
• Far-from-equilibrium attractors with Full Relativistic Boltzmann approach in 3+1 D: moments of distribution function and anisotropic flows $v_n$
• Pre-hydrodynamic evolution and its impact on quark-gluon plasma signatures
• Multiplicity and event-scale dependent flow and jet fragmentation in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV and in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- II) Determining the origin of collective behavior in high-energy collisions
• Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- I) Kinetic Theory vs. Hydrodynamics
• AMY Lorentz invariant parton cascade -- the thermal equilibrium case
• High-order Shakhov-like extension of the relaxation time approximation in relativistic kinetic theory
• On differences between even and odd anisotropic-flow harmonics in non-equilibrated systems
• Early time behavior of spatial and momentum anisotropies in a kinetic approach to nuclear collisions
• Interplay of longitudinal and transverse expansion in the kinetic dynamics of heavy-ion collisions
• Early time behavior of spatial and momentum anisotropies in kinetic theory across different Knudsen numbers
• Small systems and the single-hit approximation in the AMY parton cascade ALPACA
• How many interactions does it take to modify a jet?
• Multiplicity-dependent jet modification from di-hadron correlations in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Extended applicability domain of viscous anisotropic hydrodynamics in (2+1)-D Bjorken flow with transverse expansion
• How many particles do make a fluid? Qualifying collective behavior in expanding ultracold gases