Establishing the Range of Applicability of Hydrodynamics in High-Energy Collisions

Abstract

We simulate the space-time dynamics of high-energy collisions based on a microscopic kinetic description in the conformal relaxation time approximation, in order to determine the range of applicability of an effective description in relativistic viscous hydrodynamics. We find that hydrodynamics provides a quantitatively accurate description of collective flow when the average inverse Reynolds number is sufficiently small and the early pre-equilibrium stage is properly accounted for. We further discuss the implications of our findings for the (in)applicability of hydrodynamics in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and light nucleus collisions.

9 pages, 4 figures v2: Several minor changes to spelling, notation, affiliations, acknowledgements, references. Moved Supplemental Material to end of document. Equivalent to version published in PRL

References in corpus (26)

• 200 A GeV Au+Au collisions serve a nearly perfect quark-gluon liquid
• Dissipative Dynamics of Highly Anisotropic Systems
• Multi-system Bayesian constraints on the transport coefficients of QCD matter
• Highly-anisotropic and strongly-dissipative hydrodynamics for early stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Core-Corona Separation in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Bayesian analysis of heavy ion collisions with the heavy ion computational framework Trajectum
• Multi-particle azimuthal correlations in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Boost-Invariant (2+1)-dimensional Anisotropic Hydrodynamics
• Eccentric protons? Sensitivity of flow to system size and shape in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions
• Studying the validity of relativistic hydrodynamics with a new exact solution of the Boltzmann equation
• On the hydrodynamic attractor of Yang-Mills plasma
• Non-equilibrium attractor in high-temperature QCD plasmas
• Unified description of hadron yield ratios from dynamical core-corona initialization
• Bayesian inference of the fluctuating proton shape
• Equilibration of the Quark-Gluon Plasma at finite net-baryon density in QCD kinetic theory
• Non-conformal attractor in boost-invariant plasmas
• On attractor and fixed points in Bjorken flows
• Development of transverse flow at small and large opacities in conformal kinetic theory
• Hydrodynamization in systems with detailed transverse profiles
• $<m_T>$ excitation function: Freeze-out and equation of state dependence
• Anisotropic fluid dynamical simulations of heavy-ion collisions
• Proton hot spots and exclusive vector meson production
• Exponential Approach to the Hydrodynamic Attractor in Yang-Mills Kinetic Theory
• Statistical analysis of initial state and final state response in heavy-ion collisions
• Constraining the initial stages of ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions
• On differences between even and odd anisotropic-flow harmonics in non-equilibrated systems

Cited by in corpus (16)

• Hydrodynamic Attractors in Ultrarelativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Emergent interaction-driven elliptic flow of few fermionic atoms
• Jet quenching parameter in QCD kinetic theory
• Relativistic second-order viscous hydrodynamics from kinetic theory with extended relaxation-time approximation
• Pre-Equilibrium Evolution of Conserved Charges with ICCING Initial Conditions
• Far-from-equilibrium attractors with Full Relativistic Boltzmann approach in 3+1 D: moments of distribution function and anisotropic flows $v_n$
• Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- I) Kinetic Theory vs. Hydrodynamics
• Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- II) Determining the origin of collective behavior in high-energy collisions
• High-order Shakhov-like extension of the relaxation time approximation in relativistic kinetic theory
• Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: highlights and opportunities
• Solving the QCD effective kinetic theory with neural networks
• Anisotropic flow and the valence quark skeleton of hadrons
• Collective effects in O-O and Ne-Ne collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=5.36 TeV from a hybrid approach
• Attractors for Flow Observables in 2+1D Bjorken Flow
• Extended applicability domain of viscous anisotropic hydrodynamics in (2+1)-D Bjorken flow with transverse expansion
• Energy loss of heavy-flavor quarks in color string medium