Hydrodynamization in systems with detailed transverse profiles

Abstract

The observation of fluid-like behavior in nucleus-nucleus, proton-nucleus and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions motivates systematic studies of how different measurements approach their fluid-dynamic limit. We have developed numerical methods to solve the ultra-relativistic Boltzmann equation for systems of arbitrary size and transverse geometry. Here, we apply these techniques for the first time to the study of azimuthal flow coefficients $v_n$ including non-linear mode-mode coupling and to an initial condition with realistic event-by-event fluctuations. We show how both linear and non-linear response coefficients extracted from $v_n$ develop as a function of opacity from free streaming to perfect fluidity. We note in particular that away from the fluid-dynamic limit, the signal strength of linear and non-linear response coefficients does not reduce uniformly, but that their hierarchy and relative size shows characteristic differences.

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Cited by in corpus (25)

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• Hydrodynamic Attractors in Ultrarelativistic Nuclear Collisions
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• Bjorken flow attractors with transverse dynamics
• Opacity dependence of transverse flow, pre-equilibrium and applicability of hydrodynamics in heavy-ion collisions
• Statistical analysis of initial state and final state response in heavy-ion collisions
• Fluctuations of anisotropic flow from the finite number of rescatterings in a two-dimensional massless transport model
• Far-from-equilibrium attractors with Full Relativistic Boltzmann approach in 3+1 D: moments of distribution function and anisotropic flows $v_n$
• Pre-hydrodynamic evolution and its impact on quark-gluon plasma signatures
• Multiplicity and event-scale dependent flow and jet fragmentation in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV and in p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Transseries for causal diffusive systems
• Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- I) Kinetic Theory vs. Hydrodynamics
• On differences between even and odd anisotropic-flow harmonics in non-equilibrated systems
• Early time behavior of spatial and momentum anisotropies in a kinetic approach to nuclear collisions
• Early time behavior of spatial and momentum anisotropies in kinetic theory across different Knudsen numbers
• Interplay of longitudinal and transverse expansion in the kinetic dynamics of heavy-ion collisions
• Shakhov-type extension of the relaxation time approximation in relativistic kinetic theory and second-order fluid dynamics
• Collective flow in single-hit QCD kinetic theory
• Solving the QCD effective kinetic theory with neural networks
• Anisotropic flow and the valence quark skeleton of hadrons
• Extended applicability domain of viscous anisotropic hydrodynamics in (2+1)-D Bjorken flow with transverse expansion
• Multiplicity-dependent jet modification from di-hadron correlations in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• How many particles do make a fluid? Qualifying collective behavior in expanding ultracold gases