What RHIC Experiments and Theory tell us about Properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma ?

Abstract

This brief review summarizes the main experimental discoveries made at RHIC and then discusses their implications. The robust collective flow phenomena are well described by ideal hydrodynamics, with the Equation of State (EoS) predicted by lattice simulations. However the transport properties turned out to be unexpected, with rescattering cross section one-to-two orders of magnitude larger than expected from perturbative QCD. These and other theoretical developments indicate that Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) produced at RHIC, and probably in a wider temperature region $T_c<T<4T_c$, is not at all a weakly coupled quasiparticle gas, but is rather in a strongly coupled regime, sQGP for short. After reviewing two other ``strongly coupled systems'', (i) the strongly coupled supersymmetric theories studied via Maldacena duality; (ii) trapped ultra-cold atoms with very large scattering length, we return to sQGP and show that there should exist literally hundreds of bound states in it in the RHIC domain, most them colored. We then discuss recent ideas of their effect on the EoS, viscosity and jet quenching.

Prepared for workshop on RHIC discoveries, BNL May 14,15

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• The \bar q q Bound States and Instanton Molecule at T >~ T_c
• Ionization of Binary Bound States in a Strongly Coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma

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• Shape of the quark gluon plasma droplet reflected in the high-p_T data
• On the thermal phase structure of QCD at vanishing chemical potentials
• Crossover to Cluster Plasma in the Gas of Quark-Gluon Bags
• Holographic Thermodynamics and Transport of Flavor Fields
• The effect of an imaginary part of the Schwinger-Dyson equation at finite temperature and density
• Darker and brighter branes: Suppression and enhancement of photon production in a strongly coupled magnetized plasma
• Confinement from Correlated Instanton-Dyon Ensemble in SU(2) Yang-Mills Theory
• Hints of incomplete thermalization in RHIC data
• Transverse hydrodynamics with sudden hadronization -- production of strangeness
• Collective properties of nucleus-nucleus collisions from AGS to LHC energies
• Quark mass dependence of thermal excitations in QCD in one-loop approximation
• J/psi production from charm coalescence in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• A non-abelian quasi-particle model for gluon plasma
• Effect of color reconnection on multiplicity dependent charged particle production in Pythia-generated $pp$ collisions at the LHC energies
• Holographic drag force in non-conformal plasma
• Heavy quark dynamics via Gribov-Zwanziger approach
• Shear Viscosity in Weakly Coupled N-Component Scalar Field Theories
• Importance of higher orders in opacity in QGP tomography
• Effect of Coriolis Force on Diffusion of D Meson
• External Fields and the Dynamics of Fundamental Flavours in Holographic Duals of Large N Gauge Theories
• Wake Potential in Strong Coupling Plasma from AdS/CFT Correspondence
• Quantum corrections to screening at strong coupling
• Shear viscosity in late time of hydrodynamic evolution in AdS/CFT duality
• Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau Equation in the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio Model
• Oscillatory behavior of the in-medium interparticle potential in hot gauge system with scalar bound states
• Holographic real and imaginary potentials of heavy quarkonium in Yang-Mills-dilaton black holes
• Notes on relativistic superfluidity and gauge/string duality
• Dynamical energy loss formalism: from describing suppression patterns to implications for future experiments
• Perspectives in Small Systems : Heavy Quarks and HBT Radii
• Dilepton photoproduction measures the fluctuations of initial electromagnetic fields in nuclear collisions
• Scaling properties of azimuthal anisotropy of mesons and baryons at RHIC
• Symmetric cumulant $s{c}_{2,4}\left\{4\right\}$ and asymmetric cumulant $a{c}_2\left\{3\right\}$ from transverse momentum conservation and flow
• Soft-hard factorization of heavy-quark transport in QCD matter at finite chemical potential
• Pion transverse-momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry in a viscous granular source model
• Understanding mass hierarchy in collisional energy loss through heavy flavor data
• The Statics Dielectric Function and Interaction Potential In Strong Coupling With AdS/CFT
• Gauge/gravity duality and jets in strongly coupled plasma
• Transverse hydrodynamics and the early-thermalization problem at RHIC
• Gauge-String Dualities and Some Applications
• Azimuthal correlations of D-mesons in $p$+$p$ and $p$+Pb collisions at LHC energies
• Far-from-equilibrium initial conditions probed by a nonlocal observable
• Elliptic flow of $\varphi$-meson at intermediate $p_T$: Influence of mass versus quark number
• Landau's statistical mechanics for quasiparticle models
• Emergent Kink Statistics at Finite Temperature
• Back reaction effects on the dynamics of heavy probes in heavy quark cloud
• Study of neutron density fluctuation and neutron-proton correlation in Au+Au collisions using PYTHIA8/Angantyr
• Nonrelativistic Transport Theory from Vorticity Dependent Quantum Kinetic Equation
• Quark-Gluon Plasma and Topological Quantum Fields Theory
• From gluon topology to chiral anomaly: Emergent phenomena in quark-gluon plasma
• Parton-hadron matter in- and out-off equilibrium
• Entropic destruction of heavy quarkonium with hyperscaling violation
• Dyson-Schwinger Equations with a Parameterized Metric
• Predictions for photon-jet correlations at forward rapidities in heavy-ion collisions
• Phase-Space Description of Momentum Spectra in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Di-jet asymmetric momentum transported by QGP fluid
• Thermal R-current correlators from AdS/CFT correspondence
• Hybrid model with viscous relativistic hydrodynamics: a role of constraints on the shear-stress tensor
• Flow harmonic correlations via multi-particle symmetric and asymmetric cumulants in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}\) = 200 GeV
• Spectra and elliptic flow of light hadrons in an expanding fire-cylinder model for the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• Conformally flat travelling plane wave solutions of Einstein equations
• Tomographic Studies of the sQGP
• Corrections to the Smoothness and On-Shell Approximations in Femtoscopy and Coalescence
• Theoretical aspects of relativistic spin hydrodynamics coupled with electromagnetic fields
• From high $p_{\perp }$ theory and data to inferring anisotropy of Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Early dynamics of transversally thermalized matter
• The QGP dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Evolution of quasiperiodic structures in non-ideal hydrodynamic description of phase transitions
• Dileptons at Colliders as Probes of the Quark-Gluon Plasma
• AdS/CFT aspects of the cosmological QCD phase transition
• Collective excitations in the hot QCD medium and the propagation of Heavy Quarks
• Bulk Thermodynamics of SU(N) Lattice Gauge Theories at Large-N
• On the Baryonic Density and Susceptibilities in a Holographic Model of QCD
• Transport coefficients of the quark-gluon plasma in ultrarelativistic limit
• Anisotropy effects on heavy quark dynamics in Gribov modified gluon plasma
• Meson Thermalization by Baryon Injection in D4/D6 Model