Properties of the QCD Matter -- An Experimental Review of Selected Results from RHIC BES Program

Abstract

In the paper, we discuss the development of the multi-gap resistive plate chamber Time-of-Flight (TOF) technology and the production of the STAR TOF detector in China at the beginning of the 21st century. Then we review recent experimental results from the first beam energy scan program (BES-I) at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Topics cover measurements of collectivity, chirality, criticality, global polarization, strangeness, heavy-flavor, di-lepton and light nuclei productions.

31 pages, 33 figures. This review is dedicated to Professor Wenqing Shen on the occasion to celebrate his leadership of the Chinese STAR Collaboration, the development and production of the STAR MRPC TOF detector in China and many physics analyses

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• The Chiral Magnetic Effect
• The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics
• Systematic Measurements of Identified Particle Spectra in pp, d+Au and Au+Au Collisions from STAR
• Observation of long-range near-side angular correlations in proton-lead collisions at the LHC
• J/psi Production vs Centrality, Transverse Momentum, and Rapidity in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• On the Strongly-Interacting Low-Viscosity Matter Created in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Angular momentum conservation in heavy ion collisions at very high energy
• Challenges in QCD matter physics - The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR
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• Polarization probes of vorticity in heavy ion collisions
• Non-monotonic energy dependence of net-proton number fluctuations
• Beam-energy dependence of charge separation along the magnetic field in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Global quark polarization in non-central $A+A$ collisions
• Partonic flow and $\varphi$-meson production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV
• Charge conservation in RHIC and contributiuons to local parity violation observables
• Inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7 - 39 GeV
• Hypernuclei, dibaryon and antinuclei production in high energy heavy ion collisions: Thermal production vs. Coalescence
• Charmonium in Medium: From Correlators to Experiment
• Global polarization measurement in Au+Au collisions
• Energy dependence of phi meson production in central Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt(s_nn) = 6 to 17 GeV
• Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Net-proton, Proton and Antiproton Multiplicity Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Lambda hyperon polarization in relativistic heavy ion collisions from the chiral kinetic approach
• Observation of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in pPb collisions and its implication for the search for the chiral magnetic effect
• Testing the Chiral Magnetic Effect with Central U+U collisions
• Pattern of Global Spin Alignment of $\varphi$ and $K^{\ast 0}$ mesons in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Electron-Positron Pair Production in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• A data-driven analysis for the temperature and momentum dependence of the heavy quark diffusion coefficient in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• High transverse momentum quarkonium production and dissociation in heavy ion collisions
• Evidence for the production of thermal muon pairs with masses above 1 GeV/c^2 in 158A GeV Indium-Indium Collisions
• NA60 results on thermal dimuons
• Enhancement of hyperon production at central rapidity in 158 A GeV/c Pb-Pb collisions
• Beam energy dependence of (anti-)deuteron production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Experimental searches for the chiral magnetic effect in heavy-ion collisions
• Spin alignment of vector mesons in heavy-ion collisions
• Local spin alignment of vector mesons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Lepton Pair Production Through Two Photon Process in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Longitudinal dynamics and particle production in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Critical Opalescence in Baryonic QCD Matter
• Scaling of Anisotropic Flow and Momentum-Space Densities for Light Particles in Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
• The Hot QCD White Paper: Exploring the Phases of QCD at RHIC and the LHC
• Chiral Magnetic Effects in Nuclear Collisions
• Measurements of ${}_{\Lambda }^3\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{\Lambda }^4\mathrm{H}$ Lifetimes and Yields in Au+Au Collisions in the High Baryon Density Region
• Impact parameter dependence of the azimuthal asymmetry in lepton pair production in heavy ion collisions
• Flow and interferometry results from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{NN}}$ = 4.5 GeV
• Charge Fluctuations from the Chiral Magnetic Effect in Nuclear Collisions
• Measurement of global polarization of Λ hyperons in few-GeV heavy-ion collisions
• Beam Energy Dependence of Triton Production and Yield Ratio (${\mathrm{N}}_t\times {\mathrm{N}}_p/{\mathrm{N}}_d^2$) in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Cluster and hyper-cluster production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions within the Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular-Dynamics approach
• Global $\Lambda$ polarization in moderately relativistic nuclear collisions
• Observation of forward neutron multiplicity dependence of dimuon acoplanarity in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 5.02 TeV
• Light Nuclei Collectivity from $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Little-Bang and Femto-Nova in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
• Hyperon Polarization from the Vortical Fluid in Low Energy Nuclear Collisions
• Multiplicity Scaling of Light Nuclei Production in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Implications of the isobar run results for chiral magnetic effect in heavy ion collisions
• Global polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda }$ hyperons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=19.6$ and $27$ GeV
• Higher-Order Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Proton Multiplicity Distributions in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at the RHIC STAR Experiment
• Global spin alignment of vector mesons and strong force fields in heavy- ion collisions
• Hyperon polarization along the beam direction relative to the second and third harmonic event planes in isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV
• Midrapidity Production of Secondaries in pp Collisions at RHIC and LHC Energies in the Quark-Gluon String Model
• Centrality dependence of dilepton production via $\gamma \gamma$ processes from Wigner distributions of photons in nuclei
• Probing Strangeness Canonical Ensemble with $K^{-}$, $\varphi (1020)$ and ${\Xi }^{-}$ Production in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=3\mathrm{GeV}$
• Overview of light nuclei production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Observation of Directed Flow of Hypernuclei ${}_{\Lambda }^3$H and ${}_{\Lambda }^4$H in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Breaking of the number-of-constituent-quark scaling for identified-particle elliptic flow as a signal of phase change in low-energy data taken at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
• Two- and three-particle nonflow contributions to the chiral magnetic effect measurement by spectator and participant planes in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Shear viscosity of nucleonic matter
• New Prototype Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers with Long Strips
• Beam-Energy Dependence of the Directed Flow of Deuterons in Au+Au Collisions
• Energy Dependence of Intermittency for Charged Hadrons in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Measurements of inclusive J/$\psi$ production at midrapidity and forward rapidity in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Search for baryon junctions in photonuclear processes and isobar collisions at RHIC
• Modifications of Heavy-Flavor Spectra in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=62.4\mathrm{GeV}$ Au-Au Collisions
• Enhanced yield ratio of light nuclei in heavy ion collisions with a first-order QCD phase transition
• Yield ratio of hypertriton to light nuclei in heavy-ion collisions from $\sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 4.9 GeV to 2.76 TeV
• Event Shape Selection Method in Search of the Chiral Magnetic Effect in Heavy-ion Collisions
• Probing QCD critical fluctuations from the yield ratio of strange hadrons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Production of light antinuclei in $pp$ collisions by dynamical coalescence and their fluxes in cosmic rays near earth
• Production characteristics of light (anti-)nuclei from (anti-)nucleon coalescence in heavy ion collisions at energies employed at the RHIC beam energy scan
• Collective Excitation in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions -- In Memory of Professor Lianshou Liu
• Elliptic Flow of Heavy-Flavor Decay Electrons in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 27 and 54.4 GeV at RHIC

Cited by in corpus (54)

• Properties of the QCD Matter: A Review of Selected Results from the ALICE Experiment
• Production of exotic hadrons in $pp$ and nuclear collisions
• An introduction to relativistic spin hydrodynamics
• Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC
• Imaging nuclear shape through anisotropic and radial flow in high-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Bayesian Quantification of Observability and Equation of State of Twin Stars
• Nuclear cluster structure effect in ${}^{16}$O+${}^{16}$O collisions at the top RHIC energy
• Speed of sound peak in isospin QCD: a natural prediction of the Medium Separation Scheme
• Nucleon Short-Range Correlations and High-Momentum Dynamics: Implications on the Equation of State of Dense Matter
• Search for the chiral magnetic effect through beam energy dependence of charge separation using event shape selection
• Bayesian Inference of Hybrid Star Properties from Future High-Precision Measurements of Their Radii
• Information entropy for central ${}^{197}$Au+${}^{197}$Au collisions with the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model
• Experimental review on the chiral magnetic effect in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Probing Nucleon-${\Omega }_{\mathrm{ccc}}$Interaction via Lattice QCD at Physical Quark Masses
• Energy Independence of the Collins Asymmetry in $p^{\uparrow }p$ Collisions
• Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions: A Status Report
• Optimal collision-energy range for realizing macroscopic high-baryon-density matter
• Neural Unfolding of the Chiral Magnetic Effect in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• The elliptic flow difference between baryons and anti-baryons in heavy collision with SMASH Model
• Measurement of Kaon Directed Flow in Au+Au Collisions in the High Baryon Density Region
• Scaling approach to rigid and soft nuclear deformation through flow fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions
• Soft-hard factorization of heavy-quark transport in QCD matter at finite chemical potential
• Probing Late-Stage Hadronic Interactions at High Baryon Density via $K^{\ast 0}$ Production in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
• Transport-model investigation of scaling of the number of constituent quarks and the hadronic-partonic transition in Au + Au collisions
• Production characteristics of light nuclei, hypertritons and $\Omega$-hypernuclei in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV
• How Neutron Star Observations Point Towards Exotic Matter: Existing Explanations and a Prospective Proposal
• A Centrality-independent Framework for Revealing Genuine Higher-Order Cumulants in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Physics of Collectivity and EOS from the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
• Perturbative and nonperturbative properties of heavy quark transport in a thermal SU(3) gluon plasma
• Is The Trace Anomaly at its Minimum Value at Neutron Star Centers?
• Nucleon-$\Delta$ elastic cross section in isospin-asymmetric nuclear medium with inclusion of scalar-isovector $\delta$ meson field
• The nucleon properties in finite temperature and density with Gaussian fluctuations
• Dissecting the moat regime at low energies I: Renormalization and the phase structure
• Fluid Acceleration in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Machine learning the single-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei with neural-network quantum states
• Particle species dependence of elliptic flow fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies in a multiphase transport model
• Investigating jet induced identified hadron productions from the relative transverse activity classifier in pp collision at LHC
• Imprints of octupole collectivity in uranium-238 on relativistic heavy-ion flow observables
• Non-Monotonicity of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ Correlations in Au + Au Collisions at RHIC
• Influence of the residual magnetic field on the azimuthal distribution of final-state particles in photon-nuclear processes
• Method to search for the triple-neutron state in an electron scattering experiment
• Reconstructing rare particle source by femtoscopic correlations
• The effect of charm quark on the QCD chiral phase diagram
• Exotic hadrons associated with $b$-quark
• Spectra and elliptic flow of light hadrons in an expanding fire-cylinder model for the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• Open charm production and ${\Lambda }_c^{+}/D^0$ ratio in pp and Au+Au collisions at the RHIC
• Neutron Star Equation of State with Nucleon Short-Range Correlations: A Concise Review and Open Issues
• Practical Considerations for Measuring Global Spin Density Matrix Elements of Vector Mesons in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Measurement of inclusive $J/\psi$ production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=54.4$ GeV at STAR
• High-order fluctuations of temperature in hot QCD matter
• Optimal Observables for the Chiral Magnetic Effect from Machine Learning
• Rescattering effects on spin-interference for ${\rho }^0$ photoproduction in heavy-ion collisions
• Collective effects in strong interaction processes: experimental highlights
• Contrasting Features of Parton Energy Loss in Heavy-ion Collisions at RHIC and the LHC