Hadron production in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at chemical freeze-out

Abstract

We analyze the experimental hadron yield ratios for central nucleus-nucleus collisions in terms of thermal model calculations over a broad energy range, $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.7-200 GeV. The fits of the experimental data with the model calculations provide the thermal parameters, temperature and baryo-chemical potential at chemical freeze-out. We compare our results with the values obtained in other studies and also investigate more technical aspects such as a potential bias in the fits when fitting particle ratios or yields. Using parametrizations of the temperature and baryonic chemical potential as a function of energy, we compare the model calculations with data for a large variety of hadron yield ratios. We provide quantitative predictions for experiments at LHC energy, as well as for the low RHIC energy of 62.4 GeV. The relation of the determined parameters with the QCD phase boundary is discussed.

38 pages, 25 figures - accepted to Nucl. Phys. A; v2: update fits of 4pi data,update on NA44 data at top SPS, fits at top RHIC without resonances; v3: include fits of absolute yields (appendix). Model calculations and data files available at http://www-linux.gsi.de/~andronic/physics/s/s.html

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• Induced surface and curvature tension equation of state for hadron resonance gas in finite volumes and its relation to morphological thermodynamics
• Influence of the tetraneutron on the EoS under core-collapse supernovae and heavy-ion collisions conditions
• Is $K_1/K^{\ast }$ enhancement in heavy ion collisions a signature of chiral symmetry restoration?
• Multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Possible signals of two QCD phase transitions at NICA-FAIR energies
• Phenomenology of strangeness production at high energies
• Chemical Equilibration and Transport Properties of Hadronic Matter near $T_c$
• Microscopic study of strange hadron productions at the LHC with$\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.76 TeV
• Study of freeze-out dynamics of strange hadrons
• Beam energy scan using a viscous hydro+cascade model
• Prospects for Strangeness Production in pp Collisions at LHC
• Correlated pion-proton pair emission off hot and dense QCD matter
• Collective Excitation in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions -- In Memory of Professor Lianshou Liu
• The high energy frontier of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Particle yields in pp interactions at $\sqrt{s}=17.3$ GeV interpreted in the statistical hadronization model
• Formation of light nuclei at chemical freezeout: Description within a statistical thermal model
• Short-range two-particle correlations from statistical clusters
• Energy dependent chemical potentials of light particles and quarks from yield ratios of antiparticles to particles in high energy collisions
• Dileptons in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Resolution of hyper-triton chemical freeze-out puzzle in high energy nuclear collisions
• On dynamical net-charge fluctuations within a hadron resonance gas approach
• Stable Yang-Lee zeros in truncated fugacity series from net-baryon number multiplicity distribution
• Ratio of kaon-to-pion production cross-sections in $BeBe$ collisions as a function of $\sqrt{s}$
• Baryon production and net-proton distributions in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Thermal model predictions of hadron ratios at LHC
• Particle Production at the SPS and the QCD Phase Diagram
• DGP brane cosmology and quark-hadron phase transition
• Analysis of pPb collisions at LHC energies in the relativistic diffusion model
• Energy dependent chemical potentials of light hadrons and quarks based on transverse momentum spectra and yield ratios of negative to positive particles
• Neutron star cooling within the equation of state with induced surface tension
• Production of Strange, Non-strange particles and Hypernuclei in an Excluded-Volume Model
• Exploring the hadron resonance gas phase on the QCD phase diagram
• Event patterns from negative pion spectra in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus collisions at SPS
• Chemical potentials of light flavor quarks from yield ratios of negative to positive particles in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Role of system size on freezeout conditions extracted from transverse momentum spectra of hadrons
• Light particle and quark chemical potentials from negatively to positively charged particle yield ratios corrected by removing strong and weak decays
• QCD Cosmology from the Lattice Equation of State
• INFN What Next: Ultra-relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Nucleon clustering at kinetic freezeout of heavy-ion collisions via path-integral Monte Carlo
• Light-nuclei production in heavy-ion collisions within a thermodynamical approach
• Transverse momentum spectra and suppression of charged hadrons in deformed Xe-Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV using HYDJET++ model
• Transverse dynamics of charmed hadrons in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions
• Extracting Kinetic Freeze-out Properties in High Energy Collisions Using a Multi-source Thermal Model
• Kaon-deuteron femtoscopy from unitarized chiral interactions
• Pion Number Fluctuations and Correlations in the Statistical System with Fixed Isospin
• QCD Phase Boundary and the Hadrochemical Horizon
• The canonical partition function for relativistic hadron gases
• Heavy Ions at LHC: A Quest for Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Extended Gibbs ensembles with flow
• Understanding the negative binomial multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Unruh thermal hadronization and the cosmological constant
• Quark Mass Dependence of the QCD Equation of State on N_tau=8 Lattices
• Density Functional Equation of State and Its Application to the Phenomenology of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• High density matter physics at J-PARC-HI
• Chemical Freeze-out Parameters via a Non-perturbative QCD Approach
• Can charm fluctuation be a better probe to study QCD critical point?
• Addendum to Strangeness Production and Color Deconfinement
• Diffusion-model analysis of pPb and PbPb collisions at LHC energies
• Properties of the partonic phase at RHIC within PHSD
• Recent theoretical developments on QCD matter at finite temperature and density
• Statistical Model Predictions for p+p and Pb+Pb Collisions at LHC
• Particle production and nonlinear diffusion in relativistic systems
• Multiparticle production and initial quasi-temperature from proton induced carbon collisions at $p_{Lab}=31$ GeV/$c$
• Probing the hadronic phase with resonances of different lifetimes in Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE
• Light Nuclei Production in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV from the STAR experiment
• Finite size effect on the thermodynamics of a hot and magnetized hadron resonance gas
• Steady state of isolated systems versus microcanonical ensemble in cell model of particle creation and annihilation
• Study of strange quark density fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV from AMPT Model
• Thermodynamic potential for quark-gluon plasma with finite quark masses and chemical potential
• Multiplicity dependence freeze-out scenarios in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV
• Pion screening mass at finite chemical potential
• Influence of modified light-flavor hadron spectra on particle yields in the statistical hadronization model
• Global $\Lambda$ polarization in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density
• Evolution of charm-meson ratios in an expanding hadron gas
• Freeze-out and thermalization in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Statistical Ensembles With Finite Bath: A Description for an Event Generator
• Thermal-model-based characterization of heavy-ion-collision systems at chemical freeze-out
• Density resummation of perturbation series in a pion gas to leading order in chiral perturbation theory
• Statistical Fluctuations and Correlations in Hadronic Equilibrium Systems
• Probing Late-Stage Hadronic Interactions at High Baryon Density via $K^{\ast 0}$ Production in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
• A Cornucopia of Experiment at RHIC
• The nucleon properties in finite temperature and density with Gaussian fluctuations
• More uses for Thermal Models
• Comment on "Evaluation of kinetic freeze-out properties in different relativistic heavy-ion collision systems at \sqrtsNN = 200 GeV'' (Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2025) 140:179) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06119-0
• Study of the hadron gas phase using short-lived resonances with ALICE
• An appropriate statistical approach for nonequilibrium particle production
• Hybrid model with viscous relativistic hydrodynamics: a role of constraints on the shear-stress tensor
• Remarks on the non-equilibrium effects and collision dynamics in heavy-ion collisions
• Hagedorn States and Thermalization
• Covariant transport approach for strongly interacting partonic systems
• Energy Dependence of Strangeness Production in Heavy-ion Collision
• A random walk with heavy flavours
• Particle Production at CBM in a Thermal Model Approach
• Universal descriptions of chemical freeze-out based on pressure and specific heat
• Classical excluded volumes of loosely bound light (anti)nuclei and their chemical freeze-out in heavy ion collisions
• Dynamically Integrated Transport Approach for High-Energy Nuclear Collisions at High Baryon Density
• Constraints on shear stress tensor in viscous relativistic hydrodynamics
• A possible evidence of observation of two mixed phases in nuclear collisions
• Probing the tricritical endpoint of QCD phase diagram at NICA-FAIR energies
• Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of interacting system formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Beam energy dependence of transverse momentum distribution and elliptic flow in Au-Au collisions using HYDJET++ model
• Applicability of Hydrodynamics in Hadronic Phase of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Evidence of the mixed phase formation in nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Influence of correlations between yields on the chemical freeze-out temperature
• Analysis of kinetic freeze out temperature and transverse flow velocity in nucleus-nucleus and proton-proton collisions at same center of mass energy
• Energy dependence of pbar/p ratio in p+p collisions
• Non-Extensive Transverse Momentum Distribution For Identified Particles at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}=$ 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39 \hspace{0.05cm} GeV
• Chemical freeze-out systematics of thermal model analysis using hadron yield ratios
• Chemical freeze-out of light nuclei in high energy nuclear collisions and resolution of the hyper-triton chemical freeze-out puzzle
• Expansion dynamics of Lennard-Jones systems
• Cumulants of net-strangeness multiplicity distributions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Spectra and elliptic flow of light hadrons in an expanding fire-cylinder model for the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• Quark-hadron phase transition in massive gravity
• Identified charged hadron production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV with the STAR detector
• Systematics of the chemical freeze-out line in the high baryon density regime explored at SIS100
• Hadronic vs. partonic J/psi production in the Statistical Hadronization Model
• STAR Highlights on Heavy Ion Physics
• Studies of Nucleon-Gold Collisions at 200 GeV per Nucleon Pair Using Tagged d+Au Interactions
• Chemical and thermal freeze-out of identified hadrons at the LHC