Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks

Abstract

In the context of the Hagedorn temperature half-centenary I describe our understanding of the hot phases of hadronic matter both below and above the Hagedorn temperature. The first part of the review addresses many frequently posed questions about properties of hadronic matter in different phases, phase transition and the exploration of quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The historical context of the discovery of QGP is shown and the role of strangeness and strange antibaryon signature of QGP illustrated. In the second part I discuss the corresponding theoretical ideas and show how experimental results can be used to describe the properties of QGP at hadronization. The material of this review is complemented by two early and unpublished reports containing the prediction of the different forms of hadron matter, and of the formation of QGP in relativistic heavy ion collisions, including the discussion of strangeness, and in particular strange antibaryon signature of QGP.

Review with both scientific and historical contents: 84 EPJ pages, v2 in press at EPJ-A; the two appendices will be published as citable separate items

References in corpus (26)

• Color superconductivity in dense quark matter
• The equation of state in (2+1)-flavor QCD
• Systematic Measurements of Identified Particle Spectra in pp, d+Au and Au+Au Collisions from STAR
• Ab-initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses
• Equation of state and QCD transition at finite temperature
• The theory and phenomenology of perturbative QCD based jet quenching
• Approach to equilibrium in weakly coupled nonabelian plasmas
• Chemical freeze-out in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions at sqrt(s)_NN = 130 and 200 GeV
• Onset of deconfinement in nucleus-nucleus collisions: Review for pedestrians and experts
• Hadron Mass Spectrum from Lattice QCD
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• Heavy Flavor Hadrons in Statistical Hadronization of Strangeness-rich QGP
• Formation of hypermatter and hypernuclei within transport models in relativistic ion collisions
• SHAREv2: fluctuations and a comprehensive treatment of decay feed-down
• Hadron Resonance Gas Equation of State from Lattice QCD
• Transverse-momentum spectra of strange particles produced in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV in the chemical non-equilibrium model
• Dilepton production from the quark-gluon plasma using (3+1)-dimensional anisotropic dissipative hydrodynamics
• Critical Hadronization Pressure
• Strangeness Enhancement: Challenges and Successes
• QCD over $T_c$: hadrons, partons and continuum
• Experimental results and phenomenology of quarkonium production in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Three loop HTL perturbation theory at finite temperature and chemical potential
• Particle Production in s_NN = 2.76 TeV Heavy Ion Collisions
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Cited by in corpus (27)

• Thermal-FIST: A package for heavy-ion collisions and hadronic equation of state
• Hadron multiplicities and chemical freeze-out conditions in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Direct real photons in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Using the Tsallis distribution for hadron spectra in $pp$ collisions: Pions and quarkonia at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5--13000 GeV
• Examination of the sensitivity of the thermal fits to heavy-ion hadron yield data to the modeling of the eigenvolume interactions
• Discovery of Quark-Gluon-Plasma: Strangeness Diaries
• Chemical freeze-out conditions and fluctuations of conserved charges in heavy-ion collisions within quantum van der Waals model
• Wigner functions of massive fermions in strong magnetic fields
• From Strangeness Enhancement to Quark-Gluon Plasma Discovery
• Surprisingly large uncertainties in temperature extraction from thermal fits to hadron yield data at LHC
• Fluctuations as a test of chemical non-equilibrium at the LHC
• Hadron yields and fluctuations at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron: system size dependence from Pb+Pb to p+p collisions
• A short survey of matter-antimatter evolution in the primordial universe
• Statistical hadron-gas treatment of systems created in proton-proton interactions at CERN SPS
• Net baryon-number fluctuations in magnetized quark matter
• Single string structure and multiple string interaction effect on strange particle production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV
• A statistical method to estimate low-energy hadronic cross sections
• Entropy Production During Hadronization of a Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Critical exponents and transport properties near the QCD critical endpoint from the statistical bootstrap model
• Entropy production in the early-cosmology pionic phase
• Distributed Simulation and Visualization of The ALICE Detector Magnetic Field
• High temperature Bose-Einstein condensation
• Nonlinear Regge trajectories and saturation of the Hagedorn spectrum
• Quarks to Cosmos: Particles and Plasma in Cosmological evolution
• The Parallel Compact Object CALculator: An Efficient General Relativistic Initial Data Solver for Compact Objects
• The Mar(e)k of QGP: Strangeness
• Hagedorn legacy