Optimal collision-energy range for realizing macroscopic high-baryon-density matter

Abstract

We investigate the volume and lifetime of the high baryon-density matter created in heavy-ion collisions and estimate the optimal collision-energy range to realize the high baryon-density region over a large spacetime volume. We simulate central collisions of gold ions for the center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.4-19.6\mathrm{GeV}$ with a microscopic transport model JAM. We discover that the optimal range is around $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=3-5\mathrm{GeV}$, where a baryon density exceeding three times the normal nuclear density is realized with a substantially large spacetime volume. Higher and lower energies are disfavored due to short lifetime and low density, respectively. We also point out that event-by-event fluctuations of the spacetime density profile are large, indicating the importance of the event selection in the experimental analysis.

v3: 7 pages, 3 figures. Title matched to the published version

References in corpus (62)

• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger
• GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State
• PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter
• A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond Pulsar Parameter Estimation
• A Multi-Phase Transport Model for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Properties of the binary neutron star merger GW170817
• A NICER View of the Massive Pulsar PSR J0740+6620 Informed by Radio Timing and XMM-Newton Spectroscopy
• The phase diagram of dense QCD
• From hadrons to quarks in neutron stars: a review
• Chiral Magnetic and Vortical Effects in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions --- A Status Report
• Hadron production in heavy ion collisions: Fragmentation and recombination from a dense parton phase
• Transport-theoretical Description of Nuclear Reactions
• Search for the QCD Critical Point with Fluctuations of Conserved Quantities in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC : An Overview
• Fully integrated transport approach to heavy ion reactions with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage
• Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics: an off-shell transport approach for relativistic energies
• Constraining the speed of sound inside neutron stars with chiral effective field theory interactions and observations
• Study of relativistic nuclear collisions at AGS energies from p+Be to Au+Au with hadronic cascade model
• Particle production and equilibrium properties within a new hadron transport approach for heavy-ion collisions
• Nuclear Stopping in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 200 GeV
• Parton transport and hadronization from the dynamical quasiparticle point of view
• Elliptic flow of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 7.7--62.4 GeV
• Chiral Effective Field Theory and the High-Density Nuclear Equation of State
• Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions within 3-Fluid Hydrodynamics: Hadronic Scenario
• Volume fluctuations and higher order cumulants of the net baryon number
• Finite-density lattice QCD and sign problem: current status and open problems
• Properties of the QCD Matter -- An Experimental Review of Selected Results from RHIC BES Program
• Bridging the gap between event-by-event fluctuation measurements and theory predictions in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular Dynamics (PHQMD) -- A Novel Microscopic N-Body Transport Approach for Heavy-Ion Collisions, Dynamical Cluster Formation and Hypernuclei Production
• Fluctuations of conserved charges in relativistic heavy ion collisions: An introduction
• Optimal conditions for exploring high-density baryonic matter
• Dynamical phase trajectories for relativistic nuclear collisions
• Local equilibrium in heavy ion collisions. Microscopic model versus statistical model analysis
• Theoretical and Experimental Constraints for the Equation of State of Dense and Hot Matter
• Vorticity in low-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Centrality dependence of identified particle elliptic flow in relativistic heavy ion collisions at sqrt(s)= 7.7--62.4 GeV
• Dynamically integrated transport approach for heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density
• Azimuthal anisotropies for Au+Au collisions in the parton-hadron transient energy range
• Flow and interferometry results from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{NN}}$ = 4.5 GeV
• Hadron-Resonance Gas at Freeze-out: Reminder on Importance of Repulsive Interactions
• Equation of state dependence of directed flow in a microscopic transport model
• Alternative Scenarios of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: I. Baryon Stopping
• Particle production in a hybrid approach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions between $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 4.3 GeV and $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 200.0 GeV
• Baryon flow from SIS to AGS energies
• Deviations of the Energy-Momentum Tensor from Equilibrium in the Initial State for Hydrodynamics from Transport Approaches
• Event simulation based on three-fluid hydrodynamics for collisions at energies available at the Dubna Nuclotron-based Ion Collider Facility and at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt
• Mean-field update in the JAM microscopic model: Mean-field effects on collective flow in high-energy heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2-20$ GeV energies
• Microscopic models and effective equation of state in nuclear collisions at FAIR energies
• The high-density equation of state in heavy-ion collisions: Constraints from proton flow
• Alternative Scenarios of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: II. Particle Production
• Alternative Scenarios of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: III. Transverse Momentum Spectra
• Effects of a phase transition on two-pion interferometry in heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.4-7.7$ GeV
• Directed flow of $\Lambda$ in high-energy heavy-ion collisions and $\Lambda$ potential in dense nuclear matter
• Core-corona separation in the UrQMD hybrid model
• Local equilibrium in heavy-ion collisions: Microscopic analysis of a central cell versus infinite matter
• Enhancement of elliptic flow can signal a first order phase transition in high energy heavy ion collisions
• Phase transition amplification of proton number fluctuations in nuclear collisions from a transport model approach
• Approaches to QCD phase diagram; effective models, strong-coupling lattice QCD, and compact stars
• A Poincaré covariant cascade method for high-energy nuclear collisions
• Estimation of electric field in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Cluster production and the chemical freeze-out in expanding hot dense matter
• Thermodynamics of partonic matter in relativistic heavy-ion collisions from a multiphase transport model

Cited by in corpus (1)

• Space-time regions of high baryon density and baryon stopping in heavy-ion collisions