Azimuthal harmonics in small and large collision systems at RHIC top energies

Abstract

The first ($v_1^{\text{even}}$), second ($v_2$) and third ($v_3$) harmonic coefficients of the azimuthal particle distribution at mid-rapidity, are extracted for charged hadrons and studied as a function of transverse momentum ($p_T$) and mean charged particle multiplicity density $⟨{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{ch}}⟩$ in U+U ($\roots =193$~GeV), Au+Au, Cu+Au, Cu+Cu, $d$+Au and $p$+Au collisions at $\roots = 200$~GeV with the STAR Detector. For the same $⟨{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{ch}}⟩$, the $v_1^{\text{even}}$ and $v_3$ coefficients are observed to be independent of collision system, while $v_2$ exhibits such a scaling only when normalized by the initial-state eccentricity (${\epsilon }_2$). The data also show that $\ln (v_2/{\epsilon }_2)$ scales linearly with $⟨{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{ch}}{⟩}^{-1/3}$. These measurements provide insight into initial-geometry fluctuations and the role of viscous hydrodynamic attenuation on $v_n$ from small to large collision systems.

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