Searches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in the Second and Third LIGO-Virgo Observing Runs

Abstract

We present a targeted search for continuous gravitational waves (GWs) from 236 pulsars using data from the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo (O3) combined with data from the second observing run (O2). Searches were for emission from the $l=m=2$ mass quadrupole mode with a frequency at only twice the pulsar rotation frequency (single harmonic) and the $l=2,m=1,2$ modes with a frequency of both once and twice the rotation frequency (dual harmonic). No evidence of GWs was found so we present 95\% credible upper limits on the strain amplitudes $h_0$ for the single harmonic search along with limits on the pulsars' mass quadrupole moments $Q_{22}$ and ellipticities $\epsilon$. Of the pulsars studied, 23 have strain amplitudes that are lower than the limits calculated from their electromagnetically measured spin-down rates. These pulsars include the millisecond pulsars J0437\textminus4715 and J0711\textminus6830 which have spin-down ratios of 0.87 and 0.57 respectively. For nine pulsars, their spin-down limits have been surpassed for the first time. For the Crab and Vela pulsars our limits are factors of $\sim 100$ and $\sim 20$ more constraining than their spin-down limits, respectively. For the dual harmonic searches, new limits are placed on the strain amplitudes $C_{21}$ and $C_{22}$. For 23 pulsars we also present limits on the emission amplitude assuming dipole radiation as predicted by Brans-Dicke theory.

arXiv comment37 pages

References in corpus (86)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Advanced Virgo: a 2nd generation interferometric gravitational wave detector
• A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
• Characterization of the LIGO detectors during their sixth science run
• TEMPO2, a new pulsar timing package. I: Overview
• A New Electron Density Model for Estimation of Pulsar and FRB Distances
• Refined Mass and Geometric Measurements of the High-Mass PSR J0740+6620
• Tests of General Relativity with the Binary Black Hole Signals from the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1
• Observation of gravitational waves from two neutron star-black hole coalescences
• A new class of unstable modes of rotating relativistic stars
• Data analysis of gravitational-wave signals from spinning neutron stars. I. The signal and its detection
• Tempo2, a new pulsar timing package. II: The timing model and precision estimates
• The NANOGrav 11-year Data Set: High-precision timing of 45 Millisecond Pulsars
• The relativistic pulsar-white dwarf binary PSR J1738+0333 II. The most stringent test of scalar-tensor gravity
• High-precision timing of 42 millisecond pulsars with the European Pulsar Timing Array
• Axial instability of rotating relativistic stars
• Deformations of Accreting Neutron Star Crusts and Gravitational Wave Emission
• Gravitational Waves from Neutron Stars with Large Toroidal B-fields
• Fitting Pulsar Wind Tori
• Maximum elastic deformations of compact stars with exotic equations of state
• On Pulsar Distance Measurements and their Uncertainties
• Upper limits on gravitational wave emission from 78 radio pulsars
• First search for gravitational waves from known pulsars with Advanced LIGO
• Gravitational waves from known pulsars: results from the initial detector era
• The MeerKAT Telescope as a Pulsar Facility: System verification and early science results from MeerTime
• Beating the spin-down limit on gravitational wave emission from the Vela pulsar
• A Comprehensive Study of Relativistic Gravity using PSR B1534+12
• Characterization of systematic error in Advanced LIGO calibration
• Calibration Uncertainty for Advanced LIGO's First and Second Observing Runs
• PSR J1756$-$2251: a pulsar with a low-mass neutron star companion
• Astrophysical parameters of LS2883 and implications for the PSR B1259-63 gamma-ray binary
• Fitting Pulsar Wind Tori. II. Error Analysis and Applications
• Improving the Sensitivity of Advanced LIGO Using Noise Subtraction
• Recent searches for continuous gravitational waves
• Searches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in 2015-2017 LIGO Data
• Bayesian estimation of pulsar parameters from gravitational wave data
• TEMPO2, a new pulsar timing package. III: Gravitational wave simulation
• On the distance of the globular cluster M4 (NGC 6121) using RR Lyrae stars: I. optical and near-infrared Period-Luminosity and Period-Wesenheit relations
• Gravitational-wave constraints on the equatorial ellipticity of millisecond pulsars
• Probing Dynamical Gravity with the Polarization of Continuous Gravitational Waves
• A Micro-glitch in the Millisecond Pulsar B1821-24 in M28
• Narrow-band search for gravitational waves from known pulsars using the second LIGO observing run
• The CHIME Pulsar Project: System Overview
• A glitch in the millisecond pulsar J0613-0200
• SWIGLAL: Python and Octave interfaces to the LALSuite gravitational-wave data analysis libraries
• Gravitational wave emission from rotating superfluid neutron stars
• A Survey for H$\alpha$ Pulsar Bow Shocks
• The Parkes pulsar timing array second data release: Timing analysis
• The UTMOST pulsar timing programme II: Timing noise across the pulsar population
• The NANOGrav Nine-year Data Set: Astrometric Measurements of 37 Millisecond Pulsars
• Discovery of a Gamma-ray Black Widow Pulsar by GPU-accelerated Einstein@Home
• The UTMOST pulsar timing programme I: overview and first results
• First narrow-band search for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in advanced detector data
• Search methods for continuous gravitational-wave signals from unknown sources in the advanced-detector era
• Six millisecond pulsars detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope and the radio/gamma-ray connection of millisecond pulsars
• psrqpy: a python interface for querying the ATNF pulsar catalogue
• Calibration of Advanced Virgo and Reconstruction of the Gravitational Wave Signal h(t) during the Observing Run O2
• A Possible X-ray and Radio Counterpart of the High-Energy Gamma-ray Source 3EG J2227+6122
• The gamma-ray millisecond pulsar deathline, revisited - New velocity and distance measurements
• Diving below the spin-down limit: Constraints on gravitational waves from the energetic young pulsar PSR J0537-6910
• A new data analysis framework for the search of continuous gravitational wave signals
• PSR J2322$-$2650 -- A low-luminosity millisecond pulsar with a planetary-mass companion
• Modelling neutron star mountains in relativity
• Discovery of an Energetic 38.5 ms Pulsar Powering the Gamma-ray Source IGR J18490-0000/HESS J1849-000
• VLBI astrometry of PSR J2222-0137: a pulsar distance measured to 0.4% accuracy
• A method for narrow-band searches of continuous gravitational wave signals
• Searching for gravitational waves from known pulsars using the $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{G}$ statistics
• Detection and timing of gamma-ray pulsations from the $707$ Hz pulsar J0952$-$0607
• X-ray Measurement of the Spin-Down of Calvera: a Radio- and Gamma-ray-Quiet Pulsar
• The High Time Resolution Universe Survey - XI. Discovery of five recycled pulsars and the optical detectability of survey white dwarf companions
• New searches for continuous gravitational waves from seven fast pulsars
• Cool white dwarf companions to four millisecond pulsars
• High resolution HI and radio continuum observations of the SNR G290.1-0.8
• The slow rise and recovery of the 2019 Crab pulsar glitch
• First results and future prospects for dual-harmonic searches for gravitational waves from spinning neutron stars
• A multi-wavelength study of nearby millisecond pulsar PSR J1400$-$1431: improved astrometry & an optical detection of its cool white dwarf companion
• Radio Detection of PSR J1813-1749 in HESS J1813-178: The Most Scattered Pulsar Known
• Coherent search of continuous gravitational wave signals: extension of the 5-vectors method to a network of detectors
• Reconciling optical and radio observations of the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J1640+2224
• Why the distance of PSR J0218+4232 does not challenge pulsar emission theories
• The X-ray Properties of the Energetic Pulsar PSR J1838-0655
• Detection of a Glitch in PSR J0908$-$4913 by UTMOST

Cited by in corpus (51)

• Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs
• Searches for Continuous-Wave Gravitational Radiation
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Searches for continuous gravitational waves from neutron stars: A twenty-year retrospective
• Primordial black hole constraints with Hawking radiation -- a review
• MAGO2.0: Electromagnetic Cavities as Mechanical Bars for Gravitational Waves
• The TRAPUM L-band survey for pulsars in Fermi-LAT gamma-ray sources
• Neutron Star Crust Can Support A Large Ellipticity
• Neutron stars and the dense matter equation of state: from microscopic theory to macroscopic observations
• Continuous gravitational waves from Galactic neutron stars: demography, detectability and prospects
• Gravitational wave probes of particle dark matter: a review
• Timing six energetic rotation-powered X-ray pulsars, including the fast-spinning young PSR J0058-7218 and Big Glitcher PSR J0537-6910
• Rapid parameter estimation for an all-sky continuous gravitational wave search using conditional varitational auto-encoders
• Prospects for detecting transient quasi-monochromatic gravitational waves from glitching pulsars with current and future detectors
• Inferring neutron star properties with continuous gravitational waves
• Universal relations for rotating Boson Stars
• Search for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run
• Early release of the expanded atlas of the sky in continuous gravitational waves
• Does Nature allow formation of ultra-compact black hole X-ray binaries via accretion-induced collapse of neutron stars?
• Pulsar Glitch in a Strangeon Star Model. III. The recovery
• Search for continuous gravitational wave signals from luminous dark photon superradiance clouds with LVK O3 observations
• Continuous gravitational waves from trapped magnetar ejecta and the connection to glitches and antiglitches
• Search for continuous gravitational waves from PSR J0437$-$4715 with a hidden Markov model in O3 LIGO data
• Bayesian $\mathcal{F}$-statistic-based parameter estimation of continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars
• Inferring the Astrophysical Population of Gravitational Wave Sources in the Presence of Noise Transients
• Opportunistic search for continuous gravitational waves from compact objects in long-period binaries
• Search for gravitational wave signals from known pulsars in LIGO-Virgo O3 data using the 5n-vector ensemble method
• Crustal failure as a tool to probe hybrid stars
• Two sides of the same coin: the F-statistic and the 5-vector method
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves from slowly spinning neutron stars with DECIGO, Big Bang Observer, Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Anisotropic neutron star crust, solar system mountains, and gravitational waves
• Persistent gravitational radiation from glitching pulsars. II. Updated scaling with vortex number
• Magnetically Confined Mountains on Accreting Neutron Stars in General Relativity
• Search for continuous gravitational waves from HESS~J1427-608 with a hidden Markov model
• Search for continuous gravitational waves directed at sub-threshold radiometer candidates in O3 LIGO data
• Method to search for inspiraling planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using the generalized frequency-Hough transform in LIGO O3a data
• A directed continuous-wave search from Scorpius X-1 with the five-vector resampling technique
• New semicoherent targeted search for continuous gravitational waves from pulsars in binary systems
• Investigating the role of nuclear parameters in Neutron Star oscillations: a model comparison
• Population synthesis and parameter estimation of neutron stars with continuous gravitational waves and third-generation detectors
• Directed search for continuous gravitational waves from the possible kilonova remnant G4.8+6.2
• Topology of the Superconducting Heart of Neutron Stars: Effects of Microphysics and Gravitational-Wave Signatures
• Braking index of the frequently glitching PSR J0537$-$6910
• Search of nearby resolved neutron stars among optical sources
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves from highly deformed compact objects with DECIGO
• Bayesian Framework to Follow-up Continuous Gravitational Wave Candidates from Deep Surveys
• Constraints on gravitational waves from the 2024 Vela pulsar glitch
• Efficient Search for Detection Candidates Using a Peak Finder Strategy for All-Sky-All-Frequency Gravitational Wave Radiometer
• GFH-v2 Pipeline for Searches of Long-Transient Gravitational Waves from Newborn Magnetars
• Improving the spin-down limits of the continuous gravitational waves emitted from rotating triaxial pulsars
• Extract non-Gaussian Features in Gravitational Wave Observation Data Using Self-Supervised Learning