Data analysis of gravitational-wave signals from spinning neutron stars. I. The signal and its detection

Abstract

We present a theoretical background for the data analysis of the gravitational-wave signals from spinning neutron stars for Earth-based laser interferometric detectors. We introduce a detailed model of the signal including both the frequency and the amplitude modulations. We include the effects of the intrinsic frequency changes and the modulation of the frequency at the detector due to the Earth motion. We estimate the effects of the star's proper motion and of relativistic corrections. Moreover we consider a signal consisting of two components corresponding to a frequency $f$ and twice that frequency. From the maximum likelihood principle we derive the detection statistics for the signal and we calculate the probability density function of the statistics. We obtain the data analysis procedure to detect the signal and to estimate its parameters. We show that for optimal detection of the amplitude modulated signal we need four linear filters instead of one linear filter needed for a constant amplitude signal. Searching for the doubled frequency signal increases further the number of linear filters by a factor of two. We indicate how the fast Fourier transform algorithm and resampling methods commonly proposed in the analysis of periodic signals can be used to calculate the detection statistics for our signal. We find that the probability density function of the detection statistics is determined by one parameter: the optimal signal-to-noise ratio. We study the signal-to-noise ratio by means of the Monte Carlo method for all long-arm interferometers that are currently under construction. We show how our analysis can be extended to perform a joint search for periodic signals by a network of detectors and we perform Monte Carlo study of the signal-to-noise ratio for a network of detectors.

LaTeX, 38 pages, 13 figures submitted to Phys. Rev. D

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• Search for Postmerger Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Star Mergers Using a Matched-filtering Statistic
• Universal relations to measure neutron star properties from targeted r-mode searches
• The multi-detector F-statistic metric for short-duration non-precessing inspiral gravitational-wave signals
• Searching for continuous gravitational wave signals using LIGO and Virgo detectors
• Graphics processing unit implementation of the F-statistic for continuous gravitational wave searches
• Gravitational wave ringdown analysis using the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic
• Novel neural-network architecture for continuous gravitational waves
• Multi-waveform cross-correlation search method for intermediate-duration gravitational waves from gamma-ray bursts
• Astroseismology of neutron stars from gravitational waves in the limit of perfect measurement
• Two sides of the same coin: the F-statistic and the 5-vector method
• All-sky Search for Periodic Gravitational Waves in the O1 LIGO Data
• High priority targets for transient gravitational waves from glitching pulsars
• Improved all-sky search method for continuous gravitational waves from unknown neutron stars in binary systems
• Search for gravitational wave signals from known pulsars in LIGO-Virgo O3 data using the 5n-vector ensemble method
• Does the accreting millisecond pulsar XTE J1814-338 precess?
• Resolving dichotomy in compact objects through continuous gravitational waves observation
• Follow-up procedure for gravitational wave searches from isolated neutron stars using the time-domain $\mathcal{F}$-statistic method
• Coherently combining short data segments for all-sky semi-coherent continuous gravitational wave searches
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves from slowly spinning neutron stars with DECIGO, Big Bang Observer, Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Reducing the number of templates for aligned-spin compact binary coalescence gravitational wave searches using metric-agnostic template nudging
• Piecewise frequency model for searches for long-transient gravitational waves from young neutron stars
• All-sky incoherent search for periodic signals with Explorer 2005 data
• Optical Detector Topology for Third-Generation Gravitational Wave Observatories
• Geometric Approach to Analytic Marginalisation of the Likelihood Ratio for Continuous Gravitational Wave Searches
• Semianalytical Approach for Sky Localization of Gravitational Waves
• Markov chain Monte Carlo searches for Galactic binaries in Mock LISA Data Challenge 1B data sets
• Search for continuous gravitational waves from HESS~J1427-608 with a hidden Markov model
• Implementation of a new weave-based search pipeline for continuous gravitational waves from known binary systems
• Improving parameter estimation accuracy with torsion-bar antennas
• Search for continuous gravitational waves directed at sub-threshold radiometer candidates in O3 LIGO data
• A new estimation method for mass of an isolated neutron star using gravitational waves
• A time-domain MCMC search and upper limit technique for gravitational waves of uncertain frequency from a targeted neutron star
• Searching for gravitational waves from the Crab pulsar - the problem of timing noise
• Toward a computationally-efficient follow-up pipeline for blind continuous gravitational-wave searches
• New semicoherent targeted search for continuous gravitational waves from pulsars in binary systems
• Report on an all-sky LIGO search for periodic gravitational waves in the S4 data
• Formation, Possible Detection and Consequences of Highly Magnetized Compact Stars
• Upper limits on the strength of periodic gravitational waves from PSR J1939+2134
• Correlator Bank Detection of GW chirps. False-Alarm Probability, Template Density and Thresholds: Behind and Beyond the Minimal-Match Issue
• Optimal statistic for detecting gravitational wave signals from binary inspirals with LISA
• Gravitational-wave searches in the era of Advanced LIGO and Virgo
• An improved, "phase-relaxed" F-statistic for gravitational-wave data analysis
• Binary system delays and timing noise in searches for gravitational waves from known pulsars
• Application of the Probability Event Horizon filter to constrain the local rate density of binary black hole inspirals with Advanced LIGO
• Measuring test mass acceleration noise in space-based gravitational wave astronomy
• A directed continuous-wave search from Scorpius X-1 with the five-vector resampling technique
• Assessing the similarity of continuous gravitational-wave signals to narrow instrumental artifacts
• Reanalysis of F-statistic gravitational-wave searches with the higher criticism statistic
• Gravitational-wave astronomy: Observational results and their impact
• Earth rotation and time-domain reconstruction of polarization states for continuous gravitational waves from a known pulsar
• Colloquium: Multimessenger astronomy with continuous gravitational waves and future detectors
• Analytic weak-signal approximation of the Bayes factor for continuous gravitational waves
• Phase decomposition of the template metric for continuous gravitational-wave searches
• Chi-square test on candidate events from CW signal coherent searches
• Constraining parameters of low mass merging compact binary systems with Einstein Telescope alone
• Population synthesis and parameter estimation of neutron stars with continuous gravitational waves and third-generation detectors
• Interferometer Euro-Asian Network: Detection Characteristics for Signals of Known Shape
• Breaking properties of multicomponent neutron star crust
• Searching for gravitational waves from known pulsars
• An analytic approach for the study of pulsar spindown
• Directed search for continuous gravitational waves from the possible kilonova remnant G4.8+6.2
• Unified laboratory-frame analysis of atomic gravitational-wave sensors
• Modulations of Gravitational Waves due to Non-static Gravitational Lenses
• Searches for continuous gravitational waves from young supernova remnants in the early third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo
• Continuous gravitational waves in the lab: recovering audio signals with a table-top optical microphone
• Synthetic streams in a Gravitational Wave inspiral search with a multi-detector network
• A search for gravitational waves associated with the August 2006 timing glitch of the Vela pulsar
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Search for continuous gravitational waves from unknown neutron stars in binary systems with long orbital periods in O3 data
• Random matrix approach in search for weak signals immersed in background noise
• Transformer Networks for Continuous Gravitational-wave Searches
• Einstein@Home all-sky "bucket" search for continuous gravitational waves in LIGO O3 public data
• The Role of r-Modes in Pulsar Spin-down, Pulsar Timing, and Gravitational Waves
• Reduced order modelling in searches for continuous gravitational waves - I. Barycentering time delays
• How much spin wandering can continuous gravitational wave search algorithms handle?
• Targeted searches for gravitational waves from radio pulsars
• Effects of orbital eccentricity on continuous gravitational waveforms from triaxially deformed precessing neutron stars in tight binaries
• Study of statistical properties of hybrid statistic in coherent multi-detector compact binary coalescences Search
• One-stop strategy to search for long-duration gravitational-wave signals
• A practical Bayesian method for gravitational-wave ringdown analysis with multiple modes
• Results from an Einstein@Home search for continuous gravitational waves from Cassiopeia A and Vela Jr. using LIGO O2 data
• Matching of the continuous gravitational wave in an all sky search
• Imprints of Non-Symmetric Dark Matter Halos on Magnetars: A Two-Fluid Perspective
• Continuous gravitational waves from thermal mountains on accreting neutron stars: effect of the nuclear pasta phase
• The Response of Optical Fibres to Gravitational Waves
• First Overtone Mode in the Ringdown Signal of GW231028
• Bayesian Framework to Follow-up Continuous Gravitational Wave Candidates from Deep Surveys
• Doppler correlation-driven vetoes for the Frequency Hough analysis in continuous gravitational-wave searches
• Testing for a Random Walk Structure in the Frequency Evolution of a Tone in Noise
• Constraints from LIGO O3 data on gravitational-wave emission due to r-modes in the glitching pulsar PSR J0537-6910
• Banks of templates for directed and all-sky narrow-band searches of continuous gravitational waves from spinning neutron stars with several spindowns
• Learning to detect continuous gravitational waves: an open data-analysis competition
• Constraints on gravitational waves from the 2024 Vela pulsar glitch
• Reducing systematic uncertainties in gravitational-wave population analyses by increasing the detection threshold
• Detectability and Parameter Estimation for Einstein Telescope Configurations with GWJulia
• IWAVE -- An Adaptive Filter Approach to Phase Lock and the Dynamic Characterisation of Pseudo-Harmonic Waves
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves from highly deformed compact objects with DECIGO
• Methods for Estimating Neutron Star Parameters using Multiple Mechanisms for Gravitational Wave Emission Associated with Pulsar Glitches
• Data Analysis of Massive Gravitational Waves from Gamma Ray Bursts
• A 4.5-s Quasiperiodic Spectral Oscillation in GRB 230307A: Evidence for Free Precession of a Post-Merger Magnetar?
• All-sky coherent search for continuous gravitational waves in 6-7 Hz band with a torsion-bar antenna
• Determination of mass of an isolated neutron star using continuous gravitational waves with two frequency modes: an effect of a misalignment angle
• Constraining the abundance of spinning deformed Galactic compact objects with continuous gravitational waves
• Searches for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Supernova Remnants in the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Fourth Observing run
• Earth azimuth effect in the bank of search templates for an all sky search of the continuous gravitational wave
• Inferring neutron star properties through gravitational waves from r-modes and their relativistic counterparts
• Effects of local cosmic inhomogeneities on the gravitational wave event rate
• Fast Bayesian analysis of individual binaries in pulsar timing array data
• A Novel Search Technique for Low-Frequency Periodic Gravitational Waves
• Continuous Gravitational Waves from Supersoft X-ray Sources: Promising Targets for deci-Hz Detectors
• Search for gravitational-wave bursts in the first year of the fifth LIGO science run
• Bayesian Detection of a Sinusoidal Signal with Randomly Varying Frequency
• Analysing one- and two-bit data to reduce memory requirements for F-statistic-based gravitational wave searches
• Constructing a gravitational wave analysis pipeline for extremely large mass ratio inspirals
• A nonlinear detection algorithm for periodic signals in gravitational wave detectors
• Wave-optical effects in the microlensing of continuous gravitational waves by star clusters
• Search for planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA fourth observing run
• BinaryGFH-v2: Improved method to search for gravitational waves from sub-solar-mass, ultra-compact binaries using the Generalized Frequency-Hough Transform
• A Cross-correlation method to search for gravitational wave bursts with AURIGA and Virgo
• Modeling the Galactic Neutron Star Population for Use in Continuous Gravitational Wave Searches
• Constraints on r-modes and mountains on millisecond neutron stars in binary systems
• A Robust and Efficient F-statistic-based Framework for Consistent Bayesian Inference of Compact Binary Coalescences
• MaxWave: Rapid maximum likelihood wavelet reconstruction of non-Gaussian features in gravitational wave data
• High-frequency continuous gravitational waves searched in LIGO O3 public data with Einstein@Home
• Narrowband searches for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in the first two parts of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run
• Gravitational waves from spinning neutron stars as not-quite-standard sirens
• GFH-v2 Pipeline for Searches of Long-Transient Gravitational Waves from Newborn Magnetars