A way forward in the study of the symmetry energy: experiment, theory, and observation
arXiv:1401.5839 · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/41/9/093001
Abstract
The symmetry energy describes how the energy of nuclear matter rises as one goes away from equal numbers of neutrons and protons. This is very important to describe neutron rich matter in astrophysics. This article reviews our knowledge of the symmetry energy from theoretical calculations, nuclear structure measurements, heavy ion collisions, and astronomical observations. We then present a roadmap to make progress in areas of relevance to the symmetry energy that promotes collaboration between the astrophysics and the nuclear physics communities.
arXiv comment19 pages, results from first International Collaborations in Nuclear Theory (ICNT) program at NSCL/FRIB, submitted to J. Phys G
References in corpus (108)
- Shapiro delay measurement of a two solar mass neutron star
- A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary
- Neutron Star Structure and the Equation of State
- Determination of the Equation of State of Dense Matter
- Color superconductivity in dense quark matter
- Neutron Star Observations: Prognosis for Equation of State Constraints
- Color-Flavor Locking and Chiral Symmetry Breaking in High Density QCD
- Isospin Asymmetry in Nuclei and Neutron Stars
- Composition and thermodynamics of nuclear matter with light clusters
- The Equation of State from Observed Masses and Radii of Neutron Stars
- Neutron Star Cooling
- Constraints on the symmetry energy and neutron skins from experiments and theory
- Constraints on the density dependence of the symmetry energy
- Nuclear symmetry energy probed by neutron skin thickness of nuclei
- Measurement of the Neutron Radius of 208Pb Through Parity-Violation in Electron Scattering
- Complete electric dipole response and the neutron skin in 208Pb
- Nuclear Energy Density Optimization
- The Neutron Star Mass-Radius Relation and the Equation of State of Dense Matter
- Neutron skin of 208Pb, nuclear symmetry energy, and the parity radius experiment
- Fluctuations of conserved charges at finite temperature from lattice QCD
- Crustal Heating and Quiescent Emission from Transiently Accreting Neutron Stars
- The information content of a new observable: the case of the nuclear neutron skin
- Parity Violating Measurements of Neutron Densities
- Fluctuations and Correlations of net baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness: A comparison of lattice QCD results with the hadron resonance gas model
- Circumstantial evidence for a soft nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities
- The Mass and Radius of the Neutron Star in 4U 1820-30
- The Mass and Radius of the Neutron Star in EXO 1745-248
- Ab Initio Calculations of Medium-Mass Nuclei with Normal-Ordered Chiral NN+3N Interactions
- Nucleon-nucleon cross sections in neutron-rich matter and isospin transport in heavy-ion reactions at intermediate energies
- Electric dipole polarizability and the neutron skin
- Strange Quark Contributions to Parity-Violating Asymmetries in the Forward G0 Electron-Proton Scattering Experiment
- Evolution of shell structure in neutron-rich calcium isotopes
- Isotopic dependence of the giant monopole resonance in the even-A ^{112-124}Sn isotopes and the asymmetry term in nuclear incompressibility
- Cluster Formation and The Virial Equation of State of Low-Density Nuclear Matter
- Measurement of the Radius of Neutron Stars with High S/N Quiescent Low-mass X-ray Binaries in Globular Clusters
- Symmetry energy from elliptic flow in 197Au + 197Au
- Neutron matter from chiral effective field theory interactions
- The outer crust of non-accreting cold neutron stars
- Neutron star stiff equation of state derived from cooling phases of the X-ray burster 4U 1724-307
- Systematics of pion emission in heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime
- Neutrino Emission from Cooper Pairs and Minimal Cooling of Neutron Stars
- Charged-current weak interaction processes in hot and dense matter and its impact on the spectra of neutrinos emitted from proto-neutron star cooling
- Precision Measurements of the Nucleon Strange Form Factors at Q^2 ~0.1 GeV^2
- Isospin fractionation and isoscaling in dynamical nuclear collisions
- Medium modification of the charged current neutrino opacity and its implications
- Parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in scattering
- Probing high-density behavior of symmetry energy from pion emission in heavy-ion collisions
- Weak charge form factor and radius of 208Pb through parity violation in electron scattering
- A highly resistive layer within the crust of X-ray pulsars limits their spin periods
- Electric Dipole Polarizability in Pb: insights from the Droplet Model
- Isospin effects in Nuclear Fragmentation
- Incompressibility of neutron-rich matter
- Symmetry energy of dilute warm nuclear matter
- Parity-Violating Electron Scattering from 4He and the Strange Electric Form Factor of the Nucleon
- Exposing the Nuclear Burning Ashes of Radius Expansion Type I X-ray Bursts
- First Determination of the Weak Charge of the Proton
- Isoscalar giant resonances in the Sn nuclei and implications for the asymmetry term in the nuclear-matter incompressibility
- Measurement of the Neutral Weak Form Factors of the Proton
- Isospin effects on sub-threshold kaon production at intermediate energies
- Spinodal decomposition of low-density asymmetric nuclear matter
- Strange Quark Contributions to Parity-Violating Asymmetries in the Backward Angle G0 Electron Scattering Experiment
- Modelization of the EOS
- Variability in the Thermal Emission from Accreting Neutron Star Transients
- Impact of the symmetry energy on the outer crust of non-accreting neutron stars
- Constraints on Thermal X-ray Radiation from SAX J1808.4-3658 and Implications for Neutron Star Neutrino Emission
- Influence of light nuclei on neutrino-driven supernova outflows
- Conformal invariance of scalar perturbations in inflation
- New Precision Limit on the Strange Vector Form Factors of the Proton
- Towards a model-independent constraint of the high-density dependence of the symmetry energy
- Isospin emission and flows at high baryon density: a test of the symmetry potential
- Aspects of particle production in isospin asymmetric matter
- Why is Tin so soft?
- Correlations between emission timescale of fragments and isospin dynamics in Sn+Ni and Sn+Ni reactions at 35 AMeV
- Systematic Uncertainties in the Spectroscopic Measurements of Neutron-Star Masses and Radii from Thermonuclear X-ray Bursts. I. Apparent Radii
- Influence of Transport Variables on Isospin Transport Ratios
- A New Code for Proto-Neutron Star Evolution
- An X-ray Search for Compact Central Sources in Supernova Remnants I: SNRs G093.3+6.9, G315.4-2.3, G084.2+0.8, & G127.1+0.5
- Half-Skyrmions, Tensor Forces and Symmetry Energy in Cold Dense Matter
- Evidence of heavy-element ashes in thermonuclear X-ray bursts with photospheric superexpansion
- Isospin Dependence of Incomplete Fusion Reactions at 25 Mev/a
- Transport Theories for Heavy Ion Collisions in the 1 AGeV Regime
- Has a thick neutron skin in Pb been ruled out?
- Deep Crustal Heating in a Multicomponent Accreted Neutron Star Crust
- Thermal states of coldest and hottest neutron stars in soft X-ray transients
- Why is the nuclear symmetry energy so uncertain at supra-saturation densities?
- Living on the edge of stability, the limits of the nuclear landscape
- Constraints on neutron star mass and radius in GS 1826-24 from sub-Eddington X-ray bursts
- Isospin Dynamics in Peripheral Heavy Ion Collisions at Fermi Energies
- Information content of the weak-charge form factor
- Global properties of the Skyrme-force-induced nuclear symmetry energy
- The cold neutron star in the soft X-ray transient 1H 1905+000
- Systematic Uncertainties in the Spectroscopic Measurements of Neutron-Star Masses and Radii from Thermonuclear X-ray Bursts. II. Eddington Limit
- Effect of isospin dependent cluster recognition on the observables in heavy ion collisions
- Properties of dense, asymmetric nuclear matter in Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach
- Fluctuations and Symmetry Energy in Nuclear Fragmentation Dynamics
- An X-ray Search for Compact Central Sources in Supernova Remnants II: Six Large Diameter SNRs
- Deep HST Imaging in NGC 6397: Stellar Dynamics
- Isospin dependence of relative yields of and mesons at 1.528 AGeV
- Insensitivity of the elastic proton-nucleus reaction to the neutron radius of 208Pb
- Fragmentation paths in dynamical models
- Many-body correlations in Semiclassical Molecular Dynamics and Skyrme interaction
- Contribution of isovector mesons to the symmetry energy in a microscopic model
- Higher-order QCD corrections for the W-boson transverse momentum distribution
- Upgraded experiments with super neutrino beams: Reach versus Exposure
- Isospin Effects on Strangeness in Heavy-Ion Collisions
- Exploiting neutron-rich radioactive ion beams to constrain the symmetry energy
- Symmetry energy of dense matter in holographic QCD
- Chiral transition and mesonic excitations for quarks with thermal masses
Cited by in corpus (170)
- Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars
- Implications of PREX-II on the equation of state of neutron-rich matter
- Neutron skins and neutron stars in the multi-messenger era
- Building relativistic mean field models for finite nuclei and neutron stars
- The Nuclear Symmetry Energy
- Results of the ASY-EOS experiment at GSI: The symmetry energy at suprasaturation density
- Nuclear Equation of State from ground and collective excited state properties of nuclei
- The neutron skin thickness from the measured electric dipole polarizability in Ni, Sn, and Pb
- The Masses and Spins of Neutron Stars and Stellar-Mass Black Holes
- Towards Understanding Astrophysical Effects of Nuclear Symmetry Energy
- Nucleon Effective Masses in Neutron-Rich Matter
- Searching for isovector signatures in the neutron-rich oxygen and calcium isotopes
- Chiral Effective Field Theory and the High-Density Nuclear Equation of State
- The equation of state for dense nucleonic matter from a meta-modeling. II. Predictions for neutron stars properties
- Probing the Symmetry Energy with the Spectral Pion Ratio
- Understanding transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions at 100 and 400 AMeV: Comparison of heavy ion transport codes under controlled conditions
- Neutron skins of atomic nuclei: per aspera ad astra
- Symmetry Energy of Nucleonic Matter With Tensor Correlations
- Equation of state of nuclear and neutron matter at third-order in perturbation theory from chiral EFT
- Pulsar Glitches: The Crust may be Enough
- Extracting Nuclear Symmetry Energies at High Densities from Observations of Neutron Stars and Gravitational Waves
- Effects of dark matter on the nuclear and neutron star matter
- Bayesian Inference of High-density Nuclear Symmetry Energy from Radii of Canonical Neutron Stars
- Dipole polarizability of 120Sn and nuclear energy density functionals
- GW190814's secondary component with mass M as a super-fast pulsar
- Critical Density and Impact of Resonance Formation in Neutron Stars
- Asymmetric nuclear matter in a parity doublet model with hidden local symmetry
- Dynamics of clusters and fragments in heavy-ion collisions
- Electric Dipole Polarizability in Pb as a Probe of the Symmetry Energy and Neutron Matter around
- Bayesian Inference of the Symmetry Energy of Super-Dense Neutron-Rich Matter from Future Radius Measurements of Massive Neutron Stars
- Quark-Meson-Coupling (QMC) model for finite nuclei, nuclear matter and beyond
- Constraining the symmetry energy with heavy-ion collisions and Bayesian analyses
- Symmetry Energy III: Isovector Skins
- Towards grounding nuclear physics in QCD
- The impact of energy conservation in transport models on the multiplicity ratio in heavy-ion collisions and the symmetry energy
- Comparison of Heavy-Ion Transport Simulations: Mean-field Dynamics in a Box
- SRIT: A time-projection chamber for symmetry-energy studies
- Decoding the Density Dependence of the Nuclear Symmetry Energy
- Probing the neutron skin with ultrarelativistic isobaric collisions
- A Minimal Nuclear Energy Density Functional
- Nuclear Equation of state for Compact Stars and Supernovae
- What do we learn about vector interactions from GW170817?
- Symmetry energy investigation with pion production from Sn+Sn systems
- Nuclear Symmetry Energy Extracted from Laboratory Experiments
- A lower limit on the heat capacity of the neutron star core
- Probing neutron-proton dynamics by pions
- Liquid-Gas phase transition in nuclei
- Imprints of the nuclear symmetry energy on the tidal deformability of neutron stars
- How tightly is nuclear symmetry energy constrained by unitary Fermi gas?
- Insights on Skyrme parameters from GW170817
- Collision dynamics at medium and relativistic energies
- Constraints on the nuclear symmetry energy from asymmetric-matter calculations with chiral NN and 3N interactions
- Constraining the density slope of nuclear symmetry energy at subsaturation densities using electric dipole polarizability in Pb
- Delineating Effects of Nuclear Symmetry Energy on the Radii and Tidal Polarizabilities of Neutron Stars
- The surface properties of neutron-rich exotic nuclei within relativistic mean field formalisms
- Constraints on the skewness coefficient of symmetric nuclear matter within the nonlinear relativistic mean field model
- The power of two: Assessing the impact of a second measurement of the weak-charge form factor of 208Pb
- The nuclear symmetry energy and the breaking of the isospin symmetry: how do they reconcile with each other?
- Quantum Nuclear Pasta and Nuclear Symmetry Energy
- Symmetry energy constraints from GW170817 and laboratory experiments
- Effects of short-range correlation reduced kinetic symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
- Transport properties of isospin asymmetric nuclear matter using TDHF
- Difference in proton radii of mirror nuclei as a possible surrogate for the neutron skin
- Bayesian inference of nuclear symmetry energy from measured and imagined neutron skin thickness in Sn, Pb, and Ca
- The role of strangeness in hybrid stars and possible observables
- Impact of the nuclear symmetry energy on the post-merger phase of a binary neutron star coalescence
- Constraining the neutron-matter equation of state with gravitational waves
- Reconciling Nuclear and Astrophysical Constraints
- Pion Production in Rare Isotope Collisions
- Nuclear charge radii of silicon isotopes
- Covariance Analysis of Symmetry Energy Observables from Heavy Ion Collision
- Translating neutron star observations to nuclear symmetry energy via artificial neural networks
- The nuclear symmetry energy from neutron skins and pure neutron matter in a Bayesian framework
- Bayesian reconstruction of nuclear matter parameters from the equation of state of neutron star matter
- Electroweak probes of ground state densities
- On the compactness of neutron stars
- The interplay of short-range correlations and nuclear symmetry energy in hard photon productions from heavy-ion reactions at Fermi energies
- Symmetry potential of resonance and its effects on the ratio in heavy-ion collisions near the pion production threshold
- Sensitivity of the fusion cross section to the density dependence of the symmetry energy
- Symmetry energy systematics and its high density behavior
- Radii of neutron drops probed via the neutron skin thickness of nuclei
- Neutron rich matter in heaven and on Earth
- Hybrid stars in light of the HESS J1731-347 remnant and the PREX-II experiment
- Isospin properties of quark matter from a 3-flavor NJL model
- Resonant Shattering Flares as Multimessenger Probes of the Nuclear Symmetry Energy
- Extended Skyrme interactions for transport model simulations of heavy-ion collisions
- Microscopic dynamical description of proton-induced fission with the Constrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) Model
- Isospin symmetry breaking in the charge radius difference of mirror nuclei
- Dense Matter in Neutron Stars with eXTP
- Prior probability distributions of neutron star crust models
- Nuclear matter fourth-order symmetry energy in non-relativistic mean-field models
- H/He ratio as a probe of the nuclear symmetry energy at sub-saturation densities
- Constraining equation of state of nuclear matter by charge-changing cross section measurements of mirror nuclei
- Superallowed nuclear beta decays and precision tests of the Standard Model
- Measuring neutron skin by grazing isobaric collisions
- Pasta properties of the neutron star within effective relativistic mean-field model
- Empirical information on nuclear matter fourth-order symmetry energy from an extended nuclear mass formula
- Proton and neutron density distributions at supranormal density in low- and medium-energy heavy-ion collisions
- BigApple force and its implications to finite nuclei and astrophysical objects
- Nuclear collective dynamics in the lattice Hamiltonian Vlasov method
- Density-dependent van der Waals model under the GW170817 constraint
- Studies of the equation-of-state of nuclear matter by heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy in the multi-messenger era
- Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with the BDX-DRIFT directional detector at next generation neutrino facilities
- From neutron skins and neutron matter to the neutron star crust
- Event plane determination from Zero Degree Calorimeter at the Cooling-Storage-Ring External-target Experiment
- The SRIT Time Projection Chamber
- Impact parameter smearing effects on isospin sensitive observables in heavy ion collisions
- Constraining the nonanalytic terms in the isospin-asymmetry expansion of the nuclear equation of state
- Hybrid stars with color superconducting cores in an extended FCM model
- Effects of Pauli blocking on pion production in central collisions of neutron-rich nuclei
- Charged particle track reconstruction with SRIT Time Projection Chamber
- Constraining the properties of dense neutron star cores: The case of the low-mass X-ray binary HETE J1900.1-2455
- Asymmetric Nuclear Light Clusters In Supernova Matter
- Quantifying Correlations Between Isovector Observables and the Density Dependence of Nuclear Symmetry Energy away from Saturation Density
- Examination of an isospin-dependent single-nucleon momentum distribution for the isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter in heavy-ion collisions
- Application of the coherent density fluctuation model to study the nuclear matter properties of finite nuclei within the relativistic mean-field formalism
- Nuclear Energy Density Functionals: What do we really know?
- Prospects for Direct Detection of Black Hole Formation in Neutron Star Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational-Wave Detectors
- Systematic study of surface properties for Ne, Na, Mg, Al and Si isotopes in a coherent density fluctuation model using the relativistic mean field formalism
- Collision integral with momentum-dependent potentials and its impact on pion production in heavy-ion collisions
- KATANA - a charge-sensitive triggering system for the SRIT experiment
- Effects of retarded electrical fields on observables sensitive to the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
- Determining the neutron skin thickness by relativistic semi-isobaric collisions
- Nuclear Symmetry Energy and Neutron Skin Thickness of using a finite range effective interaction
- Effects of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential on pion observables in Sn + Sn collisions at 270 MeV/nucleon
- Anomalous quartic term in the expansion of the symmetry energy
- Computational Nuclear Physics and Post Hartree-Fock Methods
- Determination of the density region of the symmetry energy probed by the ratio
- Nuclear breathing mode in neutron-rich Nickel isotopes: sensitivity to the symmetry energy and the role of the continuum
- Beam energy dependence of the relativistic retardation effects of electrical fields on the ratio in heavy-ion collisions
- Sensitivity of the evaporation residue observables to the symmetry energy
- High Density with Elliptic Flows
- Effects of incompressibility in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
- Crust Cooling Models are Insensitive to the Crust-Core Transition Pressure for Realistic Equations of State
- Supernova Neutrinos as a Precise Probe of Nuclear Neutron Skin
- Ensembles of unified crust and core equations of state in a nuclear-multimessenger astrophysics environment
- Nonlinear Alfvén-wave Dynamics and Premerger Emission from Crustal Oscillations in Neutron Star Mergers
- Equation of state in neutron stars and supernovae
- Impacts of the tensor couplings of and mesons and Coulomb exchange terms on super-heavy nuclei and their relation to symmetry energy
- Symmetry energy effects on isovector properties of neutron rich nuclei with a Thomas-Fermi approach
- Revisiting the isospin relaxation time in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
- Role of local anisotropy in hybrid stars
- Neutron star structure in an in-medium modified chiral soliton model
- Spin-polarized -stable neutron star matter: the nuclear symmetry energy and GW170817 constraint
- Symmetry energy of super-dense neutron-rich matter from integrating barotropic pressures in neutron stars and heavy-ion reactions
- From noise to information: The transfer function formalism for uncertainty quantification on nuclear density reconstruction
- Symmetry potentials and in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections within the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in relativistic impulse approximation
- Equation of state and neutrino transfer in supernovae and neutron stars
- Experimental nuclear astrophysics in Italy
- Aspects of approximation in modelling of the symmetry energy
- Persistence of the N = 50 shell closure over the isotopic chains of Sc, Ti, V and Cr nuclei using relativistic energy density functional
- Neutron stars in general relativity and scalar-tensor theory of gravity
- Blind spots of probing the high-density symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions
- Necessity of selfconsistent calculations for the electromagnetic field in probing the nuclear symmetry energy using pion observables in heavy-ion collisions
- Probing neutron skin and symmetry energy with relativistic isobar collisions
- Neutron Star Radii from Laboratory Experiments
- Impact of choices for center-of-mass correction energy on the surface energy of Skyrme energy density functionals
- Weak Charge Form Factor Determination at the Electron-Ion Collider
- Kaon production in the HADES experiment in Au+Au collisions at GeV
- Neutron stars and supernova explosions in the framework of Landau's theory
- Analytic insights on the information content of new observables
- Origins and Impacts of High-Density Symmetry Energy
- Correlated structure of nuclear symmetry energy from covariant nucleon self-energy
- Nuclear coherent photoproduction with charge-exchange and spin-flip rescattering
- Formation of large chunk of nuclear matter in heavy-ion collisions
- Hall A Annual Report 2013
- Transport Model Comparison Studies of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions
- Quark-Meson Coupling Model in Heavy-Ion Collision Simulations
- Symmetry energy of baryon- and neutron-rich nuclear matter
- On the spin-isospin decomposition of nuclear symmetry energy