The Nuclear Symmetry Energy

Abstract

The nuclear symmetry energy characterizes the variation of the binding energy as the neutron to proton ratio of a nuclear system is varied. This is one of the most important features of nuclear physics in general, since it is just related to the two component nature of the nuclear systems. As such it is one of the most relevant physical parameters that affect the physics of many phenomena and nuclear processes. This review paper presents a survey of the role and relevance of the nuclear symmetry energy in different fields of research and of the accuracy of its determination from the phenomenology and from the microscopic many-body theory. In recent years, a great interest was devoted not only to the Nuclear Matter symmetry energy at saturation density but also to its whole density dependence, which is an essential ingredient for our understanding of many phenomena. We analyze the nuclear symmetry energy in different realms of nuclear physics and astrophysics. In particular we consider the nuclear symmetry energy in relation to nuclear structure, astrophysics of Neutron Stars and supernovae, and heavy ion collision experiments, trying to elucidate the connections of these different fields on the basis of the symmetry energy peculiarities. The interplay between experimental and observational data and theoretical developments is stressed. The expected future developments and improvements are schematically addressed, together with most demanded experimental and theoretical advances for the next few years.

71 pages, 33 figures, accepted for publication by Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1310.2896, arXiv:1205.2585, arXiv:nucl-ex/0610013, arXiv:1407.7625, arXiv:nucl-ex/0310024, arXiv:1101.3648, arXiv:1406.4546, arXiv:1309.5153, arXiv:1401.2074, arXiv:1210.3402, arXiv:1506.04687, arXiv:astro-ph/0407529 by other authors

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• GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State
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• Neutron Stars and the Nuclear Equation of State
• Nuclear Equation of State from ground and collective excited state properties of nuclei
• Progress in Constraining Nuclear Symmetry Energy Using Neutron Star Observables Since GW170817
• Towards Understanding Astrophysical Effects of Nuclear Symmetry Energy
• Nucleon Effective Masses in Neutron-Rich Matter
• Average CsI neutron density distribution from COHERENT data
• Neutron skins of atomic nuclei: per aspera ad astra
• Extracting Nuclear Symmetry Energies at High Densities from Observations of Neutron Stars and Gravitational Waves
• Bayesian Inference of High-density Nuclear Symmetry Energy from Radii of Canonical Neutron Stars
• Effects of dark matter on the nuclear and neutron star matter
• GW190814's secondary component with mass $(2.50-2.67)$ M${}_{\odot }$ as a super-fast pulsar
• Heavy Baryons in Compact Stars
• Bayesian Inference of the Symmetry Energy of Super-Dense Neutron-Rich Matter from Future Radius Measurements of Massive Neutron Stars
• Dynamics of clusters and fragments in heavy-ion collisions
• Exploring QCD matter in extreme conditions with Machine Learning
• Cosmic-ray propagation with DRAGON2: II. Nuclear interactions with the interstellar gas
• Optimizing the relativistic energy density functional with nuclear ground state and collective excitation properties
• Probing the neutron skin with ultrarelativistic isobaric collisions
• Nuclear Equation of state for Compact Stars and Supernovae
• Nuclear Symmetry Energy Extracted from Laboratory Experiments
• Relativistic hybrid stars in light of the NICER PSR J0740+6620 radius measurement
• Feasability of constraining the curvature parameter of the symmetry energy using elliptic flow data
• Imprints of the nuclear symmetry energy on the tidal deformability of neutron stars
• Liquid-Gas phase transition in nuclei
• How tightly is nuclear symmetry energy constrained by unitary Fermi gas?
• Reinterpreting the weak mixing angle from atomic parity violation in view of the Cs neutron rms radius measurement from COHERENT
• The QCD phase diagram and Beam Energy Scan physics: a theory overview
• Constraints on the nuclear symmetry energy from asymmetric-matter calculations with chiral NN and 3N interactions
• Constraints on the Symmetry Energy from PREX-II in the Multimessenger Era
• Collision dynamics at medium and relativistic energies
• Multi-messenger and multi-physics Bayesian inference for GW170817 binary neutron star merger
• Delineating Effects of Nuclear Symmetry Energy on the Radii and Tidal Polarizabilities of Neutron Stars
• Uncertainties in the pasta-phase properties of catalysed neutron stars
• Constraining hadron-quark phase transition parameters within the quark-mean-field model using multimessenger observations of neutron stars
• Effects of Chiral Effective Field Theory Equation of State on Binary Neutron Star Mergers
• Constraints on the nuclear equation of state and the neutron star structure from crustal torsional oscillations
• Symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities via the Gravitational Waves from GW170817
• Sensitivity of Au+Au collisions to the symmetric nuclear matter equation of state at 2 -- 5 nuclear saturation densities
• Nuclear matter properties from local chiral interactions with $\Delta$ isobar intermediate states
• Bayesian inference of nuclear symmetry energy from measured and imagined neutron skin thickness in ${}^{116,118,120,122,124,130,132}$Sn, ${}^{208}$Pb, and ${}^{48}$Ca
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• Dense and Hot QCD at Strong Coupling
• Impact of the nuclear symmetry energy on the post-merger phase of a binary neutron star coalescence
• Nuclear symmetry energy and hadron-quark mixed phase in neutron stars
• Tidal deformations of neutron stars with elastic crusts
• Impact of NICER's Radius Measurement of PSR J0740+6620 on Nuclear Symmetry Energy at Suprasaturation Densities
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• Impact of the neutron-star deformability on equation of state parameters
• New insights into nuclear physics and weak mixing angle using electroweak probes
• Thermodynamical Description of Hot, Rapidly Rotating Neutron Stars, Protoneutron Stars, and Neutron Star Merger Remnants
• Translating neutron star observations to nuclear symmetry energy via artificial neural networks
• Electric dipole strength and dipole polarizability in ${}^{48}$Ca within a fully self-consistent second random-phase approximation
• Constraints on the curvature of nuclear symmetry energy from recent astronomical data within the KIDS framework
• Determining the temperature in heavy-ion collisions with multiplicity distribution
• The interplay of short-range correlations and nuclear symmetry energy in hard photon productions from heavy-ion reactions at Fermi energies
• Ruling out the supersoft high-density symmetry energy from the discovery of PSR J0740+6620 with mass $2.14_{-0.09}^{+0.10}{M}_{\odot }$
• Constraining nuclear symmetry energy with the charge radii of mirror-pair nuclei
• Warm dense matter and cooling of supernovae remnants
• Consistent Skyrme parametrizations constrained by GW170817
• Influence of density dependence of symmetry energy in hot and dense matter for supernova simulations
• Constraining the density dependence of the symmetry energy with nuclear data and astronomical observations in the KIDS framework
• Hybrid stars in light of the HESS J1731-347 remnant and the PREX-II experiment
• Neutron Star Matter as a Relativistic Fermi Liquid
• Probing high-density nuclear symmetry energy with ${\Xi }^{-}/{\Xi }^0$ ratio in heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}\sim 3$ GeV
• Relativistic hybrid stars with sequential first-order phase transitions in light of multimessenger constraints
• Constraints on Nuclear Saturation Properties from Terrestrial Experiments and Astrophysical Observations of Neutron Stars
• Extended Skyrme interactions for transport model simulations of heavy-ion collisions
• The isospin dependent nucleon-nucleon inelastic cross section in the nuclear medium
• Dense Matter in Neutron Stars with eXTP
• Structure in the speed of sound: from neutron stars to heavy-ion collisions
• Isospin symmetry breaking in the charge radius difference of mirror nuclei
• First results from the INDRA-FAZIA apparatus on isospin diffusion in ${}^{58,64}$Ni+${}^{58,64}$Ni systems at Fermi energies
• $R$-mode Stability of GW190814's Secondary Component as a Supermassive and Superfast Pulsar
• Equilibrium constants of Hydrogen and Helium isotopes at low nuclear densities
• Nuclear matter fourth-order symmetry energy in non-relativistic mean-field models
• Constraining equation of state of nuclear matter by charge-changing cross section measurements of mirror nuclei
• Nuclear symmetry energy and the role of three-body forces
• Fluctuations and phases in baryonic matter
• Symmetry energy effects on the properties of hybrid stars
• Empirical information on nuclear matter fourth-order symmetry energy from an extended nuclear mass formula
• Analysis of the neutron matter equation of state and the symmetry energy up to fourth order of chiral effective field theory
• BigApple force and its implications to finite nuclei and astrophysical objects
• Density-dependent van der Waals model under the GW170817 constraint
• Nuclear collective dynamics in the lattice Hamiltonian Vlasov method
• Second and fourth moments of the charge density and neutron-skin thickness of atomic nuclei
• Massive neutron star with strangeness in a relativistic mean-field model with a high-density cut-off
• Bayesian model averaging for nuclear symmetry energy from effective proton-neutron chemical potential difference of neutron-rich nuclei
• Perturbation Theory of Nuclear Matter with a Microscopic Effective Interaction
• Properties of neutron star described by a relativistic $abinitio$ model
• Nuclear matter at finite temperature and static properties of proto-neutron star
• Effects of the equation of state on the core-crust interface of slowly rotating neutron stars
• Effect of nucleon effective mass and symmetry energy on the neutrino mean free path in a neutron star
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• Might Normal Nuclear Matter be Quarkyonic?
• Neutron skin systematics from microscopic equations of state
• Systematic study of surface properties for Ne, Na, Mg, Al and Si isotopes in a coherent density fluctuation model using the relativistic mean field formalism
• Nambu-Jona-Lasinio description of hadronic matter from a Bayesian approach
• Effects of retarded electrical fields on observables sensitive to the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Auxiliary Function Approach for Determining Symmetry Energy at Supra-saturation Densities
• Estimation of the slope of nuclear symmetry energy via charge radii of mirror nuclei
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• Constraints and correlations of nuclear matter parameters from a density-dependent van der Waals model
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• Accreting neutron stars from the nuclear energy-density functional theory. II. Equation of state and global properties
• Supernova Neutrinos as a Precise Probe of Nuclear Neutron Skin
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• The nuclear symmetry energy and the neutron skin thickness in nuclei
• Modeling Neutron Star Matter in the Age of Multimessenger Astrophysics
• Revisiting the isospin relaxation time in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
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• Nuclear matter calculations with the phenomenological three-nucleon interaction
• Neutron star calculations with the phenomenological three-nucleon force
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• Approaching the conformal limit of quark matter with different chemical potentials
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• Fast neutron star cooling in light of the PREX-2 experiment
• Effective Field Theories for Neutron Stars Physics
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• Isobaric analog state energy in deformed nuclei: a toy model
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• Investigating the possibility of extracting neutron-skin thickness in nuclei by their collisions at intermediate energies
• P-stars in the gravitational wave era
• Formation of large chunk of nuclear matter in heavy-ion collisions
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• Effects of isoscalar- and isovector-scalar meson mixing on neutron star structure
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