Neutron Stars and the Nuclear Equation of State

Abstract

We review the current status and recent progress of microscopic many-body approaches and phenomenological models, which are employed to construct the equation of state of neutron stars. The equation of state is relevant for the description of their structure and dynamical properties, and it rules also the dynamics of core-collapse supernovae and binary neutron star mergers. We describe neutron star matter assuming that the main degrees of freedom are nucleons and hyperons, disregarding the appearance of quark matter. We compare the theoretical predictions of the different equation-of-state models with the currently available data coming from both terrestrial laboratory experiments and recent astrophysical observations. We also analyse the importance of the nuclear strong interaction and equation of state for the cooling properties of neutron stars. We discuss the main open challenges in the description of the equation of state, mainly focusing on the limits of the different many-body techniques, the so-called "hyperon puzzle," and the dependence of the direct URCA processes on the equation of state.

arXiv comment83 pages, 17 figures, 617 references. Accepted for publication in Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

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• Molecular Dynamics for Dense Matter
• Cooling of neutron stars with diffusive envelopes
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• Transport coefficients of nucleon neutron star cores for various nuclear interactions within the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach
• The HypHI project: Hypernuclear spectroscopy with stable heavy ion beams and rare isotope beams at GSI and FAIR

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• Unbiased interpolated neutron-star EoS at finite T for modified gravity studies
• Equation of state of neutron star matter and its warm extension with an interacting hadron resonance gas
• Neutrino Flavor Transformation in Neutron Star Mergers
• f-mode oscillations of anisotropic neutron stars in full general relativity
• Nuclear fragmentation reactions as a probe of neutron skins in nuclei
• Premerger phenomena in neutron-star binary coalescences
• Non-radial oscillations and gravitational wave emission of hybrid neutron stars
• Constraining Palatini gravity with GR-independent equations of state for neutron stars
• Equation of State of Neutron-Rich Matter in $d$-Dimensions
• Hyperonic uncertainties in neutron stars, mergers and supernovae
• Quenched Λ spin-orbit splitting by relativistic Fock diagram in single-Λ hypernuclei
• Massive neutron stars as mass gap candidates: Exploring equation of state and magnetic field
• Femtoscopic study of the $\Lambda \alpha$ interaction
• Implications of Fermionic Dark Matter Interactions on Anisotropic Neutron Stars
• Chaos in Inhomogeneous Neutrino Fast Flavor Instability
• Neutron star cooling and mass distributions
• Properties of ${}^{208}$Pb predicted from the relativistic equation of state in the full Dirac space
• Thermal x-ray studies of neutron stars and the equation of state
• Exploring pathways to forming twin stars
• Density-dependent relativistic mean field approach and its application to single-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei in Oxygen isotopes
• Impact of Multiple Phase Transitions in Dense QCD on Compact Stars
• Equation of state in neutron stars and supernovae
• Hyperons during proto-neutron star deleptonization and the emission of dark flavoured particles
• Cooling of dark neutron stars
• The impact of hyperons on neutron star mergers: gravitational waves, mass ejection and black hole formation
• Effect of Magnetic Fields on Urca Rates in Neutron Star Mergers
• Ridges in rotating neutron-star properties due to first order phase transitions
• Treating divergence in quark matter by using energy projectors
• Investigating Time Evolution of Thermal Emission from the Putative Neutron Star in SN 1987A for 50+ Years
• Illuminating dark matter admixed in neutron stars with simultaneous mass-radius constraints
• Bayesian inference of neutron star crust properties using an ab initio-benchmarked meta-model
• Modeling matter(s) in SEOBNRv5THM: Generating fast and accurate effective-one-body waveforms for spin-aligned binary neutron stars
• Rotating Neutron Stars with the Relativistic Ab Initio Calculations
• The nuclear symmetry energy and the neutron skin thickness in nuclei
• Detecting Hyperons in neutron stars -- a machine learning approach
• Neutron star phase transition as the origin for the fast radio bursts and soft gamma-ray repeaters of SGR J1935+2154
• Dynamics of dilute nuclear matter with light clusters and in-medium effects
• Equation of state and neutrino transfer in supernovae and neutron stars
• Investigating the role of nuclear parameters in Neutron Star oscillations: a model comparison
• New Insights into Supradense Matter from Dissecting Scaled Stellar Structure Equations
• Superfluid dark stars
• Gravitational wave asteroseismology of accreting neutron stars in a steady state
• Perturbed nuclear matter studied within Density Functional Theory with a finite number of particles
• Impact of Neutrino Flavor Conversions on Neutron Star Merger Dynamics, Ejecta, Nucleosynthesis, and Multi-Messenger Signals
• Probing Strong Field $f(R)$ Gravity and Ultra-Dense Matter with the Structure and Thermal Evolution of Neutron Stars
• Broad-band X-ray spectral and timing properties of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR J17498$-$2921 during the 2023 outburst
• Strongly interacting matter in extreme magnetic fields
• Bayesian inference of nuclear incompressibility from collective flow in mid-central Au+Au collisions at 400--1500 MeV/nucleon
• Neutron Star Inner Crust at Finite Temperatures: A Comparison Between Compressible Liquid Drop and Extended Thomas-Fermi Approaches
• Nucleon Short-Range Correlations and High-Momentum Dynamics: Implications on the Equation of State of Dense Matter
• Fast neutron star cooling in light of the PREX-2 experiment
• Hyperons in Neutron Stars across the observed mass range: Insights from realistic $\Lambda$-N and $\Lambda$-$\Lambda$ interactions within a Microscopic Framework
• Self-consistent single-nucleon potential at positive energy produced by semi-realistic interaction and its examination via nucleon-nucleus elastic scattering
• $f$-mode oscillations in hot Neutron Stars: Effect of hyperons and neutrino trapping
• Neutron Star Radii from Laboratory Experiments
• Finite-temperature equation of state with hyperons
• Effects of Phi and ${\sigma }^{\ast }$-meson on properties of hyperon stars including $\Delta$ resonance
• Parameter constraints for accreting millisecond pulsars with synthetic NICER data
• Dipole Polarizability of Finite Nuclei as a Probe of Neutron Stars
• In-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections from relativistic ab initio calculations
• Weak Charge Form Factor Determination at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Imprints of high-density nuclear symmetry energy on the crustal fraction of neutron star moment of inertia
• Influence of hyperon-hyperon interaction on the properties of neutron stars
• Theoretical study on $\Lambda \alpha$ and $\Xi \alpha$ correlation functions
• Measuring the Low-Energy Weak Mixing Angle with Supernova Neutrinos
• Properties of hyperons in nuclear matter from chiral hyperon-nucleon interactions at next-to-next-to-leading order
• Equation of state for hot hyperonic neutron star matter
• Recent applications of the subtracted second RPA method
• Radial oscillations of quark stars in light of current astrophysical constraints: A comparative study
• An Undergraduate Approach to the Quantum Hadrodynamics and the Physics of Neutron Stars Part II: Neutron Stars' Exotic Content
• Properties of rapidly rotating hot neutron stars within Brueckner theory
• I-Love-Q Relations of Fermion-Boson Stars
• Neutron Star Equation of State with Nucleon Short-Range Correlations: A Concise Review and Open Issues
• Universal relation between dipole polarizability of finite nuclei and neutron-star compactness
• Space-time regions of high baryon density and baryon stopping in heavy-ion collisions
• Realistic Equations of State Informing Neutron Star Post-Merger Gravitational-Wave Frequencies