A review of quasi-periodic oscillations from black hole X-ray binaries: observation and theory

Abstract

Black hole and neutron star X-ray binary systems routinely show quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in their X-ray flux. Despite being strong, easily measurable signals, their physical origin has long remained elusive. However, recent observational and theoretical work has greatly improved our understanding. Here, we briefly review the basic phenomenology of the different varieties of QPO in both black hole and neutron star systems before focusing mainly on low frequency QPOs in black hole systems, for which much of the recent progress has been made. We describe the detailed statistical properties of these QPOs and review the physical models proposed in the literature, with particular attention to those based on Lense-Thirring precession. This is a relativistic effect whereby a spinning massive object twists up the surrounding spacetime, inducing nodal precession in inclined orbits. We review the theory describing how an accretion flow reacts to the Lense-Thirring effect, including analytic theory and recent numerical simulations. We then describe recent observational tests that provide very strong evidence that at least a certain type of low frequency QPOs are a geometric effect, and good evidence that they are the result of precession. We discuss the possibility of the spin axis of the compact object being misaligned with the binary rotation axis for a large fraction of X-ray binaries, as is required for QPOs to be driven specifically by Lense-Thirring precession, as well as some outstanding gaps in our understanding and future opportunities provided by X-ray polarimeters and/or high throughput X-ray detectors.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in New Astronomy Reviews; 67 pages, 22 figures

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• Ultraviolet spectroscopy of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 across a state transition
• Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Observations of supermassive black hole binary candidates. Strong sinusoidal variations at 95, 147 and 225 GHz in PKS 2131$-$021 and PKS J0805$-$0111
• Optical and X-ray timing analysis of the 2018-2020 outburst and rebrightening of the black-hole transient MAXI J1820+070
• X-ray Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in Active Galactic Nuclei and Their Implications for the Changing Look Phenomenon
• A supermassive black hole under the radar: Repeating X-ray variability in a Seyfert galaxy
• The Effects of Instrumental Deadtime on NICER Timing Products
• Orbital Motion in Spacetimes Influenced by the Presence of Scalar and Electromagnetic Fields
• Broadband variability study of MAXI J1631-479 in its Hard-Intermediate State observed with Insight-HXMT
• The full evolution of the type-C QPO in MAXI J1348-630 revealed by Insight-HXMT
• The NICER view of Scorpius X-1
• A novel sub-grid model for super-Eddington accretion of spinning black holes in galaxy-scale simulations
• Fourier spectral-timing techniques for the study of accreting black holes
• Multi-band power color-color diagrams of three black hole X-ray binaries observed with Insight-HXMT
• A multi-wavelength study of GRS 1716-249 in outburst : constraints on its system parameters
• High performance Stingray
• On The Nature of Einstein Probe Transient EP250916a: Insights from X-ray, Optical, and Radio Observations
• An Insight-HXMT View of the Evolution of the Type-C Quasiperiodic Oscillation during the Flaring State of Swift J1727.8-1613
• Probing Lorentz-violating effects via precession and accretion disk images in a rotating bumblebee spacetime
• Multi-mission view of extragalactic black hole X-ray binaries LMC X-1 and LMC X-3: evolution of broadband spectral features
• Multimessenger Signatures of Tilted, Self-Gravitating, Black Hole Disks
• The stochastic X-ray variability of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17062-6143