An Ultraluminous X-ray Source Powered by An Accreting Neutron Star

Abstract

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULX) are off-nuclear point sources in nearby galaxies whose X-ray luminosity exceeds the theoretical maximum for spherical infall (the Eddington limit) onto stellar-mass black holes. Their luminosity ranges from $10^{40}$ erg s${}^{-1}<L_X$(0.5 - 10 keV) $<10^{40}$ erg s${}^{-1}$. Since higher masses imply less extreme ratios of the luminosity to the isotropic Eddington limit theoretical models have focused on black hole rather than neutron star systems. The most challenging sources to explain are those at the luminous end ($L_X$ > $10^{40}$ erg s${}^{-1}$), which require black hole masses MBH >50 solar masses and/or significant departures from the standard thin disk accretion that powers bright Galactic X-ray binaries. Here we report broadband X-ray observations of the nuclear region of the galaxy M82, which contains two bright ULXs. The observations reveal pulsations of average period 1.37 s with a 2.5-day sinusoidal modulation. The pulsations result from the rotation of a magnetized neutron star, and the modulation arises from its binary orbit. The pulsed flux alone corresponds to $L_X$(3 - 30 keV) = $4.9\times 10^{39}$ erg s${}^{-1}$. The pulsating source is spatially coincident with a variable ULX which can reach $L_X$ (0.3 - 10 keV) = $1.8\times 10^{40}$ erg s${}^{-1}$. This association implies a luminosity ~100 times the Eddington limit for a 1.4 solar mass object, or more than ten times brighter than any known accreting pulsar. This finding implies that neutron stars may not be rare in the ULX population, and it challenges physical models for the accretion of matter onto magnetized compact objects.

24 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, published on Nature

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• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the first eROSITA survey I. Candidate catalogs
• Probing extreme black-hole outflows on short timescales via high spectral-resolution X-ray imagers
• A Multi-Mission Catalogue of Ultraluminous X-ray Source Candidates
• Recurrent Instability in LMXB Accretion Disks: How Strange is GRS 1915+105?
• An expanded ultraluminous X-ray source catalogue
• Pulsar scintillation studies with LOFAR III. Annual variations in PSR~J0814$+$7429
• The maximum dipole moments of neutron stars implied by the Barrow-Gibbons conjecture
• Possible optical counterparts of ULXs in NGC 1672
• Probing spectral variability in NGC 4490 ULX-8 over 24 years of XMM-Newton, Chandra and Swift-XRT observations
• Spectral and Temporal Properties of Ultra-luminous X-ray Source NGC 55 ULX1
• Radio Nebulæ from Hyper-Accreting X-ray Binaries as Common Envelope Precursors and Persistent Counterparts of Fast Radio Bursts
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the group-centric elliptical galaxy NGC 5813
• A comparative study of occurrence rates and nature of Ultraluminous X-ray sources in spiral and elliptical galaxies
• Unveiling the biconical geometry of the outflow in the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 5204 X-1
• A Synthetic Population of Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources: Optical-X-ray Correlation
• Automatic detection of tidal disruption events and other long duration transients in XMM-Newton data
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite
• A novel sub-grid model for super-Eddington accretion of spinning black holes in galaxy-scale simulations