Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources
arXiv:2105.10537 · doi:10.1134/S1990341321010077
Abstract
Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) were identified as a separate class of objects in 2000 based on data from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. These are unique objects: their X-ray luminosities exceed the Eddington limit for a typical stellar-mass black hole. For a long time, the nature of ULXs remained unclear. However, the gradual accumulation of data, new results of X-ray and optical spectroscopy, and the study of the structure and energy of nebulae surrounding ULXs led to the understanding that most of the ultraluminous X-ray sources must be supercritical accretion disks like SS 433. The discovery of neutron stars in a number of objects only increased the confidence of the scientific community in the conclusions obtained, since the presence of neutron stars in such systems clearly indicates a supercritical accretion regime. In this review, we systematize the main facts about the observational manifestations of ULXs and SS 433 in the X-ray and optical ranges and discuss their explanation from the point of view of the supercritical accretion theory.
32 pages, 21 figures, 1 table
References in corpus (58)
- An Ultraluminous X-ray Source Powered by An Accreting Neutron Star
- Super-critically accreting stellar-mass black holes as ultraluminous X-ray sources
- An accreting pulsar with extreme properties drives an ultraluminous x-ray source in NGC 5907
- Discovery of a 0.42-s pulsar in the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 7793 P13
- Discovery of coherent pulsations from the Ultraluminous X-ray Source NGC 7793 P13
- XMM-Newton observations of the brightest Ultraluminous X-ray sources
- A mass of less than 15 solar masses for the black hole in an ultraluminous X-ray source
- Masses, Beaming and Eddington Ratios in Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
- A spectral-timing model for ULXs in the super-critical regime
- "Propeller" Regime of Disk Accretion to Rapidly Rotating Stars
- The discovery of weak coherent pulsations in the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 1313 X-2
- Giant Outbursts in Be/X-ray Binaries
- Pulsing ULXs: tip of the iceberg?
- Pulsator-like spectra from Ultraluminous X-ray sources and the search for more ultraluminous pulsars
- Ultra-luminous X-ray sources and neutron-star-black-hole mergers from very massive close binaries at low metallicity
- Spectral Changes in the Hyperluminous Pulsar in NGC 5907 as a Function of Super-Orbital Phase
- A 78 Day X-ray Period Detected from NGC 5907 ULX1 by Swift
- The ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 1313 X-2 - Its optical counterpart and environment
- Spectroscopy of Optical Counterparts of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
- A new, clean catalogue of extragalactic non-nuclear X-ray sources in nearby galaxies
- No magnetars in ULXs
- Super-Eddington accretion discs with advection and outflows around magnetized neutron stars
- The 2019 super-Eddington outburst of RX J0209.6-7427: Detection of pulsations and constraints on the magnetic field strength
- Optical Counterparts of Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources identified from Archival Hubble Space Telescope/WFPC2
- M51 ULX-7: super-orbital periodicity and constraints on the neutron star magnetic field
- Optical Properties of the Ultraluminous X-ray Source Holmberg IX X-1 and its Stellar Environment
- New Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the counterparts to six ultraluminous X-ray sources
- Nature of the soft ULX in NGC 247: super-Eddington outflow and transition between the supersoft and soft ultraluminous regimes
- A ~60-day super-orbital period originating from the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar in M82
- Super-Eddington accretion onto the Galactic ultraluminous X-ray pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124
- A radiation-hydrodynamic model of accretion columns for ultra-luminous X-ray pulsars
- Propagating mass accretion rate fluctuations in X-ray binaries under the influence of viscous diffusion
- Modeling the light curves of ultraluminous X-ray sources as precession
- Insight-HXMT observations of Swift J0243.6+6124 during its 2017-2018 outburst
- Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of the black hole GX 339-4 II. The spectrocopic content in the low/hard and high/soft states
- Broadband aperiodic variability in X-ray pulsars: accretion rate fluctuations propagating under the influence of viscous diffusion
- Two eclipsing ultraluminous X-ray sources in M 51
- Diagnostics of the black hole candidate SS433 with the RXTE
- NIR Counterparts to ULXs (III): Completing the photometric survey and selected spectroscopic results
- CG X-1: an eclipsing Wolf-Rayet ULX in the Circinus galaxy
- Broad Components in Optical Emission Lines from the Ultra-Luminous X-ray Source NGC 5408 X-1
- Ultraluminous X-ray sources with flat-topped noise and QPO
- Evidence for the radiation-pressure dominated accretion disk in bursting pulsar GRO J1744-28 using timing analysis
- Mass ratio in SS433 revisited
- Discovery of a Quasi-Periodic Oscillation in the Ultraluminous X-ray Source IC 342 X-1: XMM-Newton Results
- How to make a mature accreting magnetar
- ESO 243-49 HLX-1: scaling of X-ray spectral properties and black hole mass determination
- Searching for coherent pulsations in ultraluminous X-ray sources
- Soft Extragalactic X-Ray Binaries at the Eddington Threshold
- A Comparison of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in NGC 1399 and the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039)
- Testing the relativistic Doppler boost hypothesis for supermassive binary black holes candidates via broad emission line profiles
- Crossing the Eddington limit: examining disk spectra at high accretion rates
- Transition of an X-ray binary to the hard ultraluminous state in the blue compact dwarf galaxy VII Zw 403
- Optical Counterparts of ULXs and Their Host Environments in NGC 4490/4485
- X-ray variability of SS433: effects of the supercritical accretion disc
- X-ray Variability of SS 433: Evidence for Supercritical Accretion
- Exploring the Active Galactic Nuclei population with extreme X-ray to optical flux ratios (Fx/Fo >50)
- The ULX NGC 1313 X-2 : an optical study revealing an interesting behavior