An Intermediate-mass Black Hole of Over 500 Solar Masses in the Galaxy ESO 243-49

Abstract

Ultra-luminous X-ray sources are extragalactic objects located outside the nucleus of the host galaxy with bolometric luminosities >10^39 erg s^-1. These extreme luminosities - if the emission is isotropic and below the theoretical (i.e. Eddington) limit, where the radiation pressure is balanced by the gravitational pressure - imply the presence of an accreting black hole with a mass of ~10^2-10^5 times that of the Sun. The existence of such intermediate mass black holes is in dispute, and though many candidates have been proposed, none are widely accepted as definitive. Here we report the detection of a variable X-ray source with a maximum 0.2-10 keV luminosity of up to 1.2 x 10^42 erg s^-1 in the edge-on spiral galaxy ESO 243-49, with an implied conservative lower limit of the mass of the black hole of ~500 Msun. This finding presents the strongest observational evidence to date for the existence of intermediate mass black holes, providing the long sought after missing link between the stellar mass and super-massive black hole populations.

5 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, published in Nature

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• Discovery of a Large Population of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in the Bulge-less Galaxies NGC 337 and ESO 501-23
• SN 2022jli: The ultraluminous birth of a low-mass X-ray binary
• Digging a little deeper: characterising three new extreme ULX candidates
• Exploring the Spectral Variability of the Ultra-luminous X-ray source M81 X-6 with Suzaku and XMM-Newton
• Optical Counterparts of ULXs in Two Dwarf Galaxies: NGC 4861 and NGC 4449
• Local stability and global instability in iron-opaque disks
• Bubble in the Whale: Identifying the Optical Counterparts and Extended Nebula for the Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in NGC 4631
• X-ray reverberation models of the disc wind in ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 5408 X-1
• Identifying Stars of Mass >150 Msun from Their Eclipse by a Binary Companion
• The turbulent life of NGC 4696 as told by its globular cluster system
• Nature of donors in ultra-luminous X-ray binaries powered by neutron stars
• Astrophysical black holes
• Discovery of the Tadpole Molecular Cloud near the Galactic Nucleus
• Broadband X-ray spectral analysis of the ULX NGC 1313\,X-1 using JeTCAF: Origin of the ULX bubble
• The restless population of bright X-ray sources of NCG 3621
• Planetary Systems in a Star Cluster II: intermediate-mass black holes and planetary systems
• Identifying Long Radio Transients with Accompanying X-Ray Emission as Disk-Jet Precessing Black Holes: The Case of ASKAP J1832-0911
• Recurrent outbursts revealed in 3XMM J031820.8-663034
• Influence of irradiation-driven winds on the evolution of intermediate-mass black hole X-ray binaries
• Gravitational wave inference of star cluster properties from intermediate-mass black hole mergers
• The X-ray Nature of Nucleus in Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 7590
• The population of hyperluminous X-ray sources as seen by XMM-Newton
• Variability as a new discovery channel for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the Time Domain Era
• Searching for supermassive black holes binaries within SRG/eROSITA-De I: Properties of the X-ray selected candidates
• SZ effects from annihilating dark matter in the Milky Way: smooth halo, subhalos and intermediate-mass-black-holes
• Preparations for detecting and characterizing gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole coalescences
• Exploring the nature of an ultraluminous X-ray source in NGC 628
• Optical Counterparts of Two Candidate Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in NGC 4536
• The Faintest, Extremely Variable X-ray Tidal Disruption Event from a Supermassive Black Hole Binary?
• Tracing black hole and galaxy growth across environments since cosmic noon
• A Fundamental Plane in X-ray Binary Activity of External Galaxies
• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters
• The Peculiar X-ray Transient Swift J0840.7-3516: an Unusual Low Mass X-ray Binary or a Tidal Disruption Event?
• Prospects for joint multiband detection of intermediate-mass black holes by LGWA and the Einstein Telescope
• A Search for Wandering Black Holes in the Milky Way with Gaia and DECaLS
• Searching for X-ray sources in nearby late-type galaxies with low star formation rates
• A Multi-Mission Catalogue of Ultraluminous X-ray Source Candidates
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite
• First Search for an X-ray -- Optical Reverberation Signal in an Ultraluminous X-ray Source
• Hyperluminous Supersoft X-Ray Sources in the Chandra Catalog
• Automatic detection of tidal disruption events and other long duration transients in XMM-Newton data
• Probing extreme black-hole outflows on short timescales via high spectral-resolution X-ray imagers
• Hydrodynamics of Collisions and Close Encounters between Stellar Black Holes and Main-sequence Stars
• Wind accretion onto compact objects
• Constraints on the VHE counterpart of two binary black hole mergers observed by the MAGIC and CTAO LST-1 telescopes
• Spectral and Temporal Properties of Ultra-luminous X-ray Source NGC 55 ULX1
• Angular momentum transport by thermal emission in black hole accretion disks
• GRMHD Simulations of Magnetized Accretion Disk/Jet: Variabilities of Black Holes and Spectral Energy Distributions in Magnetic States
• Search for gravitational waves from binary black hole inspiral, merger and ringdown
• Accretion disk parameters in HLX-1